Action potentials occur in electrically excitable cells such as neurons, muscles, and endocrine cells. They are initiated by transient opening of voltage dependent sodium channels, causing a rapid, large depolarization of membrane potentials that spread along the axon membrane. The action potential travels down the axon and reaches the presynaptic terminal depolarizing the membrane in the pre synaptic terminal. The depolarization causes the voltage gated Ca2+ channels to open allowing the influx of Ca2+ that signals the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
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