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FUNCTION Protein kinase involved in intracellular signaling pathways downstream of integrins and receptor-type kinases that plays an important role in cytoskeleton dynamics, in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, mitosis, and in vesicle-mediated transport processes (PubMed:10551809, PubMed:11896197, PubMed:12876277, PubMed:14585966, PubMed:15611088, PubMed:17726028, PubMed:17989089, PubMed:30290153, PubMed:17420447). Can directly phosphorylate BAD and protects cells against apoptosis (By similarity). Activated by interaction with CDC42 and RAC1 (PubMed:8805275, PubMed:9528787). Functions as a GTPase effector that links the Rho-related GTPases CDC42 and RAC1 to the JNK MAP kinase pathway (PubMed:8805275, PubMed:9528787). Phosphorylates and activates MAP2K1, and thereby mediates activation of downstream MAP kinases (By similarity). Involved in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, actin stress fibers and of focal adhesion complexes (PubMed:9032240, PubMed:9395435). Phosphorylates the tubulin chaperone TBCB and thereby plays a role in the regulation of microtubule biogenesis and organization of the tubulin cytoskeleton (PubMed:15831477). Plays a role in the regulation of insulin secretion in response to elevated glucose levels (PubMed:22669945). Part of a ternary complex that contains PAK1, DVL1 and MUSK that is important for MUSK-dependent regulation of AChR clustering during the formation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (By similarity). Activity is inhibited in cells undergoing apoptosis, potentially due to binding of CDC2L1 and CDC2L2 (PubMed:12624090). Phosphorylates MYL9/MLC2 (By similarity). Phosphorylates RAF1 at 'Ser-338' and 'Ser-339' resulting in: activation of RAF1, stimulation of RAF1 translocation to mitochondria, phosphorylation of BAD by RAF1, and RAF1 binding to BCL2 (PubMed:11733498). Phosphorylates SNAI1 at 'Ser-246' promoting its transcriptional repressor activity by increasing its accumulation in the nucleus (PubMed:15833848). In podocytes, promotes NR3C2 nuclear localization (By similarity). Required for atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2-induced phosphorylation of LIMK1 and cofilin (CFL1) and for the up-regulation of ACKR2 from endosomal compartment to cell membrane, increasing its efficiency in chemokine uptake and degradation (PubMed:23633677). In synapses, seems to mediate the regulation of F-actin cluster formation performed by SHANK3, maybe through CFL1 phosphorylation and inactivation (By similarity). Plays a role in RUFY3-mediated facilitating gastric cancer cells migration and invasion (PubMed:25766321). In response to DNA damage, phosphorylates MORC2 which activates its ATPase activity and facilitates chromatin remodeling (PubMed:23260667). In neurons, plays a crucial role in regulating GABA(A) receptor synaptic stability and hence GABAergic inhibitory synaptic transmission through its role in F-actin stabilization (By similarity). In hippocampal neurons, necessary for the formation of dendritic spines and excitatory synapses; this function is dependent on kinase activity and may be exerted by the regulation of actomyosin contractility through the phosphorylation of myosin II regulatory light chain (MLC) (By similarity). Along with GIT1, positively regulates microtubule nucleation during interphase (PubMed:27012601). Phosphorylates FXR1, promoting its localization to stress granules and activity (PubMed:20417602). Phosphorylates ILK on 'Thr-173' and 'Ser-246', promoting nuclear export of ILK (PubMed:17420447).CATALYTIC ACTIVITY L-seryl-[protein] + ATP = O-phospho-L-seryl-[protein] + ADP + H(+)CATALYTIC ACTIVITY L-threonyl-[protein] + ATP = O-phospho-L-threonyl-[protein] + ADP + H(+)COFACTOR Activated by binding small G proteins. Binding of GTP-bound CDC42 or RAC1 to the autoregulatory region releases monomers from the autoinhibited dimer, and enables activation by phosphorylation of Thr-423 (PubMed:10995762, PubMed:11804587, PubMed:15893667, PubMed:9032240). Phosphorylation of Thr-84 by OXSR1 inhibits activation (By similarity).SUBUNIT Homodimer; homodimerization results in autoinhibition (PubMed:30290153). Active as monomer. Interacts with GIT1 (PubMed:27012601). Component of cytoplasmic complexes, which also contains PXN, ARHGEF7 and GIT1. Interacts with NISCH (By similarity). Interacts with DVL1; mediates the formation of a DVL1, MUSK and PAK1 ternary complex involved in AChR clustering (By similarity). Binds to the caspase-cleaved p110 isoform of CDC2L1 and CDC2L2, p110C, but not the full-length proteins (PubMed:12624090). Interacts with ARHGEF7 (PubMed:16101281, PubMed:27012601). Interacts tightly with GTP-bound but not GDP-bound CDC42/P21 and RAC1 (By similarity). Interacts with SCRIB (PubMed:18716323). Interacts with PDPK1 (PubMed:10995762). Interacts (via kinase domain) with RAF1 (PubMed:11733498). Interacts with NCK1 and NCK2 (PubMed:10026169). Interacts with TBCB (PubMed:15831477). Interacts with BRSK2 (By similarity). Interacts with SNAI1 (PubMed:15833848). Interacts with CIB1 isoform 2 (PubMed:23503467). Interacts with CIB1 (via N-terminal region); the interaction is direct, promotes PAK1 activity and occurs in a calcium-dependent manner. Interacts with INPP5K (PubMed:26940976). Interacts with gamma-tubulin (PubMed:27012601). Interacts with RHOU; the interaction promotes PAK1 activation (PubMed:26598620).INTERACTION Colocalizes with RUFY3, F-actin and other core migration components in invadopodia at the cell periphery (PubMed:25766321). Recruited to the cell membrane by interaction with CDC42 and RAC1. Recruited to focal adhesions upon activation. Colocalized with CIB1 within membrane ruffles during cell spreading upon readhesion to fibronectin. Upon DNA damage, translocates to the nucleoplasm when phosphorylated at Thr-212 where is co-recruited with MORC2 on damaged chromatin (PubMed:23260667). Localization to the centrosome does not depend upon the presence of gamma-tubulin (PubMed:27012601). Localization of the active, but not inactive, protein to the adhesions and edge of lamellipodia is mediated by interaction with GIT1 (PubMed:11896197).ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS Overexpressed in gastric cancer cells and tissues (at protein level) (PubMed:25766321).PTM Autophosphorylated in trans, meaning that in a dimer, one kinase molecule phosphorylates the other one (PubMed:20417602, PubMed:22153498, PubMed:23633677). Activated by autophosphorylation at Thr-423 in response to a conformation change, triggered by interaction with GTP-bound CDC42 or RAC1 (PubMed:10551809). Activated by phosphorylation at Thr-423 by BRSK2 and by PDPK1 (PubMed:10995762, PubMed:22669945). Phosphorylated by JAK2 in response to PRL; this increases PAK1 kinase activity. Phosphorylated at Ser-21 by PKB/AKT; this reduces interaction with NCK1 and association with focal adhesion sites (PubMed:14585966). Upon DNA damage, phosphorylated at Thr-212 and translocates to the nucleoplasm (PubMed:23260667). Phosphorylated at tyrosine residues, which can be enhanced by NTN1 (By similarity).DISEASE The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.SIMILARITY Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STE20 subfamily.CAUTION The interaction between DSCAM, PAK1 and RAC1 has beend described. This article has been withdrawn by the authors.CAUTION There are data describing interaction and regulation by the product of CRIPAK, a putative single exon gene (PubMed:16278681). However, considering all available data there is no sufficient supporting evidence for the existence of such protein.
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