AKT-mediated phosphorylation results in exclusion of FOXO1 (Rena et al. 2001), FOXO3 (Brunet et al. 1999) and FOXO4 (Obslova et al. 2005) from the nucleus. In the absence of PI3K/AKT signaling, FOXO1 (Rena et al. 2001), FOXO3 (Brunet et al. 1999) and FOXO4 (Matsuzaki et al. 2005) are mainly nuclear, but after activation of PI3K/AKT signaling, they become cytoplasmic. One of the conserved AKT phosphorylation sites is within the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of FOXO1, FOXO3 and FOXO4. In contrast to other FOXO family members, FOXO6 remains predominantly nuclear irrespective of growth factor-induced signaling, and only a small portion of FOXO6 phosphorylated on putative AKT sites may shuttle to the nucleus (Jacobs et al. 2003, van der Heide et al. 2005).
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