USP21 is not required for normal development (Pannu et al. 2015) but is essential in innate and adaptive immune responses (Tao et al. 2014). It negatively regulates NFkB signaling by deubiquitinating Receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIPK1) (Xu et al. 2010) and DDX58 (RIG-I), thereby down-regulating antiviral responses independently of the A20 ubiquitin-editing complex (Fan et al. 2014).
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