Expression of GATA3 in the developing nephric duct is activated by LHX1 and PAX2 (inferred from mouse embryos in Grote et al. 2006, Boualia et al. 2013). GATA3 in turn activates expression of LHX1 so that PAX2, LHX1, and GATA3 form the basic regulatory module controlling the renal primordium transcription program (inferred from mouse homologs in Boualia et al. 2013). Beta-catenin (CTNNB1) from WNT signaling also acts upstream of GATA3 to activate expression (inferred from mouse homologs in Grote et al. 2008). GATA3 then activates expression of a number of downstream genes, including ID4 and RET, the receptor tyrosine kinase that interacts with GDNF to induce formation of the ureteric bud (inferred from mouse homologs in Chia et al. 2011).