Reactome | Acyl Ghrelin and C-Ghrelin are secreted

Acyl Ghrelin and C-Ghrelin are secreted

Stable Identifier

R-HSA-422048

Type

Reaction [omitted]

Species

Homo sapiens

Compartment

plasma membrane

ReviewStatus

5/5

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Acyl ghrelin and C-ghrelin are secreted from secretory granules into the bloodstream. Five forms of acyl ghrelin have been detected: octanoyl ghrelin-28, decanoyl ghrelin-28, octanoyl ghrelin-27, decanoyl ghrelin-27, and decenoyl ghrelin-28. Unacylated ghrelin (des-acyl ghrelin) occurs at higher levels than acyl ghrelin however its function and mechanism of generation are controversial. The function, if any, of C-ghrelin is also unknown.
Secretion of ghrelin is stimulated by insulin-like growth factor-1 and muscarinic agonists; Secretion is inhibited by insulin, somatotropin, leptin, glucose, glucagon, and fatty acids. Carbohydrates have more inhibitory effect than fat does. The mechanisms by which the regulation is effected are unknown. Fatty acids inhibit the secretion of ghrelin by an unknown mechanism. Fatty acids have less effect than carbohydrates do.

Literature References

PubMed ID	Title	Journal	Year
11600536	Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity levels in humans Toyooka, S, Nakao, K, Akamizu, T, Doi, K, Tagami, T, Ogawa, Y, Ariyasu, H, Hosoda, H, Takaya, K, Kojima, M, Shimatsu, A, Suda, M, Usui, T, Kangawa, K, Shirakami, G, Koh, T, Natsui, K, Hosoda, K	J Clin Endocrinol Metab	2001
15126574	Acetylcholine regulates ghrelin secretion in humans Destefanis, S, Gauna, C, Van Koetsveld, P, Broglio, F, Ghigo, E, Benso, A, Prodam, F, Arvat, E, Hofland, L, Gottero, C, van der Lely, AJ	J Clin Endocrinol Metab	2004
14599721	Differential effect of protein and fat on plasma ghrelin levels in man Schusdziarra, V, Erdmann, J, Lippl, F	Regul Pept	2003
11756331	Ghrelin is present in pancreatic alpha-cells of humans and rats and stimulates insulin secretion Hashiguchi, S, Arima, T, Date, Y, Matsukura, S, Kangawa, K, Mondal, MS, Yada, T, Hosoda, H, Matsuo, H, Kojima, M, Dezaki, K, Nakazato, M	Diabetes	2002
11089560	Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans Date, Y, Kangawa, K, Matsukura, S, Mondal, MS, Hosoda, H, Suganuma, T, Sawaguchi, A, Kojima, M, Nakazato, M	Endocrinology	2000
12553549	Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia, but not lipid infusion, decreases circulating ghrelin levels in humans Ristow, M, Tschop, M, Pfeiffer, AF, Mohlig, M, Otto, B, Spranger, J	J Endocrinol Invest	2002
18396350	Ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin: three pieces of the same puzzle Soares, JB, Leite-Moreira, AF	Peptides	2008
17595255	Ghrelin and motilin are cosecreted from a prominent endocrine cell population in the small intestine Sjölund, K, Björkqvist, M, Wierup, N, Sundler, F, Pierzynowski, S, Weström, B	J Clin Endocrinol Metab	2007
12354137	Ghrelin immunoreactivity in human plasma is suppressed by somatostatin Møller, N, Weeke, J, Hansen, TK, Jørgensen, JO, Kangawa, K, Nørrelund, H, Christiansen, JS, Hosoda, H, Ørskov, H, Kojima, M	Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)	2002
19280057	Ghrelin fluctuation, what determines its production? Yin, X, Li, Y, Zhang, W, An, W, Xu, G	Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)	2009