UniProt:Q2M2T1 H2BC12

chain
  • initiator methionine:1
  • chain:2-126
checksum 88730F3F6EBD255E
comment
  • FUNCTION Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.SUBUNIT The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.SUBCELLULAR LOCATION Monoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons (By similarity).PTM Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination. Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity).PTM GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).PTM ADP-ribosylated by PARP1 or PARP2 on Ser-7 (H2BS6ADPr) in response to DNA damage (By similarity). H2BS6ADPr promotes recruitment of CHD1L (By similarity). Mono-ADP-ribosylated on Glu-3 (H2BE2ADPr) by PARP3 in response to single-strand breaks (By similarity). Poly ADP-ribosylation on Glu-36 (H2BE35ADPr) by PARP1 regulates adipogenesis: it inhibits phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph), thereby blocking expression of pro-adipogenetic genes (By similarity).PTM Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes (By similarity).PTM Lactylated in macrophages by EP300/P300 by using lactoyl-CoA directly derived from endogenous or exogenous lactate, leading to stimulates gene transcription.SIMILARITY Belongs to the histone H2B family.
created [InstanceEdit:217385] Schmidt, EE, 2008-03-27 06:23:53
crossReference
databaseName UniProt
dbId 231443
description
  • recommendedName: Histone H2B type 1-K
displayName UniProt:Q2M2T1 H2BC12
geneName
  • H2BC12
identifier Q2M2T1
isSequenceChanged false
keyword
  • 3D-structure
  • Acetylation
  • ADP-ribosylation
  • Chromosome
  • Direct protein sequencing
  • DNA-binding
  • Glycoprotein
  • Hydroxylation
  • Isopeptide bond
  • Methylation
  • Nucleosome core
  • Nucleus
  • Phosphoprotein
  • Reference proteome
  • Ubl conjugation
modified [InstanceEdit:9963647] Weiser, Joel, 2025-08-15
moleculeType Protein
name
  • H2BC12
physicalEntity
referenceDatabase [ReferenceDatabase:2] UniProt
referenceGene
referenceTranscript
schemaClass ReferenceGeneProduct
secondaryIdentifier
  • H2B1K_BOVIN
sequenceLength 126
species [Species:48898] Bos taurus
stId uniprot:Q2M2T1
url http://purl.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q2M2T1
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