UniProt:P10275 AR

chain
  • chain:1-920
checksum A73432C55D39AE06
comment
  • FUNCTION Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues (PubMed:19022849). Transcription factor activity is modulated by bound coactivator and corepressor proteins like ZBTB7A that recruits NCOR1 and NCOR2 to the androgen response elements/ARE on target genes, negatively regulating androgen receptor signaling and androgen-induced cell proliferation (PubMed:20812024). Transcription activation is also down-regulated by NR0B2. Activated, but not phosphorylated, by HIPK3 and ZIPK/DAPK3.FUNCTION Lacks the C-terminal ligand-binding domain and therefore constitutively regulates the transcription of a specific set of canonical AR-target genes, including PSA/KLK3 and TMPRSS2, independently of steroid hormones (PubMed:19244107, PubMed:25008967). However, some genes are differentially regulated by full-length AR (isoform 1) and isoform 3. Isoform 3-specific target genes may be regulated independently of FOXA1 expression (PubMed:25008967).FUNCTION Lacks the C-terminal ligand-binding domain and may therefore constitutively activate the transcription of a specific set of genes independently of steroid hormones.ACTIVITY REGULATION AIM-100 (4-amino-5,6-biaryl-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine) suppresses TNK2-mediated phosphorylation at Tyr-269. Inhibits the binding of the Tyr-269 phosphorylated form to androgen-responsive enhancers (AREs) and its transcriptional activity.SUBUNIT Binds DNA as a homodimer. Part of a ternary complex containing AR, EFCAB6/DJBP and PARK7. Interacts with HIPK3 and NR0B2 in the presence of androgen. The ligand binding domain interacts with KAT7/HBO1 in the presence of dihydrotestosterone. Interacts with EFCAB6/DJBP, PQBP1, RANBP9, RBAK, SPDEF, SRA1, TGFB1I1 and RREB1. Interacts with ZMIZ1/ZIMP10 and ZMIZ2/ZMIP7 which both enhance its transactivation activity. Interacts with SLC30A9 and RAD54L2/ARIP4. Interacts with MACROD1 (via macro domain) (PubMed:19022849). Interacts via the ligand-binding domain with LXXLL and FXXLF motifs from NCOA1, NCOA2, NCOA3 and MAGEA11. Interacts (via nuclear receptor DNA binding domain and nuclear receptor ligand binding domain) with NCOA4 (PubMed:15563469, PubMed:8643607). The AR N-terminal poly-Gln region binds Ran resulting in enhancement of AR-mediated transactivation. Ran-binding decreases as the poly-Gln length increases. Interacts with HIP1 (via coiled coil domain). Interacts (via ligand-binding domain) with TRIM68. Interacts with TNK2. Interacts with USP26. Interacts with RNF6. Interacts (regulated by RNF6 probably through polyubiquitination) with RNF14; regulates AR transcriptional activity. Interacts with PRMT2 and TRIM24. Interacts with RACK1. Interacts with RANBP10; this interaction enhances dihydrotestosterone-induced AR transcriptional activity. Interacts with PRPF6 in a hormone-independent way; this interaction enhances dihydrotestosterone-induced AR transcriptional activity. Interacts with STK4/MST1. Interacts with ZIPK/DAPK3. Interacts with LPXN. Interacts with MAK. Part of a complex containing AR, MAK and NCOA3. Interacts with CRY1. Interacts with CCAR1 and GATA2. Interacts with ZNF318 (By similarity). Interacts with BUD31 (PubMed:25091737). Interacts with ARID4A (PubMed:23487765). Interacts with ARID4B (By similarity). Interacts (via NR LBD domain) with ZBTB7A; the interaction is direct and androgen-dependent (PubMed:20812024). Interacts with NCOR1 (PubMed:20812024). Interacts with NCOR2 (PubMed:20812024). Interacts with CRY2 in a ligand-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts (via NR LBD domain) with RWDD1; the interaction is direct and may stimulate AR activity (PubMed:22406838).INTERACTION Detected at the promoter of target genes (PubMed:25091737). Predominantly cytoplasmic in unligated form but translocates to the nucleus upon ligand-binding. Can also translocate to the nucleus in unligated form in the presence of RACK1.ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS Mainly expressed in heart and skeletal muscle.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Expressed in basal and stromal cells of the prostate (at protein level).DOMAIN Composed of three domains: a modulating N-terminal domain, a DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain. In the presence of bound steroid the ligand-binding domain interacts with the N-terminal modulating domain, and thereby activates AR transcription factor activity. Agonist binding is required for dimerization and binding to target DNA. The transcription factor activity of the complex formed by ligand-activated AR and DNA is modulated by interactions with coactivator and corepressor proteins (PubMed:25091737). Interaction with RANBP9 is mediated by both the N-terminal domain and the DNA-binding domain. Interaction with EFCAB6/DJBP is mediated by the DNA-binding domain.PTM Sumoylated on Lys-388 (major) and Lys-521. Ubiquitinated. Deubiquitinated by USP26. 'Lys-6' and 'Lys-27'-linked polyubiquitination by RNF6 modulates AR transcriptional activity and specificity.PTM Phosphorylated in prostate cancer cells in response to several growth factors including EGF. Phosphorylation is induced by c-Src kinase (CSK). Tyr-535 is one of the major phosphorylation sites and an increase in phosphorylation and Src kinase activity is associated with prostate cancer progression. Phosphorylation by TNK2 enhances the DNA-binding and transcriptional activity and may be responsible for androgen-independent progression of prostate cancer. Phosphorylation at Ser-83 by CDK9 regulates AR promoter selectivity and cell growth. Phosphorylation by PAK6 leads to AR-mediated transcription inhibition.PTM Palmitoylated by ZDHHC7 and ZDHHC21. Palmitoylation is required for plasma membrane targeting and for rapid intracellular signaling via ERK and AKT kinases and cAMP generation.POLYMORPHISM The poly-Gln region of AR is highly polymorphic and the number of Gln varies in the population (from 17 to 26). A smaller size of the poly-Gln region may be associated with the development of prostate cancer. Long poly-Gln alleles (>23) may be associated with higher testosterone levels and severe clinical outcome in COVID-19 disease (PubMed:33647767).POLYMORPHISM The poly-Gly region of AR is polymorphic and ranges from 24 to 31 Gly. A poly-Gly region shorter or equal to 23 may be associated with the development of androgenetic alopecia.DISEASE The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.DISEASE The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry. Caused by trinucleotide CAG repeat expansion. In SMAX1 patients the number of Gln ranges from 38 to 62. Longer expansions result in earlier onset and more severe clinical manifestations of the disease.DISEASE Disease susceptibility is associated with variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.DISEASE Defects in AR may play a role in metastatic prostate cancer. The mutated receptor stimulates prostate growth and metastases development despite of androgen ablation. This treatment can reduce primary and metastatic lesions probably by inducing apoptosis of tumor cells when they express the wild-type receptor.DISEASE The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.DISEASE The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.MISCELLANEOUS In the absence of ligand, steroid hormone receptors are thought to be weakly associated with nuclear components; hormone binding greatly increases receptor affinity. The hormone-receptor complex appears to recognize discrete DNA sequences upstream of transcriptional start sites.MISCELLANEOUS Transcriptional activity is enhanced by binding to RANBP9.MISCELLANEOUS The level of tyrosine phosphorylation may serve as a diagnostic tool to predict patient outcome in response to hormone-ablation therapy. Inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation may be an effective intervention target for hormone-refractory prostate cancer.MISCELLANEOUS Minor isoform up-regulated in prostate cancer cells.MISCELLANEOUS Minor isoform identified in prostate cancer cells.SIMILARITY Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR3 subfamily.CAUTION Had previously been shown to interact with PELP1. However this paper was retracted as cell-based data was viewed as unreliable.ONLINE INFORMATION Androgen receptor entryONLINE INFORMATION Leiden Open Variation Database (LOVD)
crossReference
databaseName UniProt
dbId 49978
description
  • recommendedName: Androgen receptor alternativeName: Dihydrotestosterone receptor alternativeName: Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4
displayName UniProt:P10275 AR
geneName
  • AR
  • DHTR
  • NR3C4
identifier P10275
isSequenceChanged false
keyword
  • 3D-structure
  • Activator
  • Alternative splicing
  • Cytoplasm
  • Disease variant
  • DNA-binding
  • Isopeptide bond
  • Lipid-binding
  • Lipoprotein
  • Metal-binding
  • Neurodegeneration
  • Nucleus
  • Palmitate
  • Phosphoprotein
  • Proteomics identification
  • Pseudohermaphroditism
  • Receptor
  • Reference proteome
  • Steroid-binding
  • Transcription
  • Transcription regulation
  • Triplet repeat expansion
  • Ubl conjugation
  • Zinc
  • Zinc-finger
modified [InstanceEdit:9983091] Weiser, Joel, 2026-02-20
moleculeType Protein
name
  • AR
otherIdentifier
  • 11737903_a_at
  • 11742471_a_at
  • 11752265_a_at
  • 11762394_a_at
  • 1577_at
  • 1578_g_at
  • 17104313
  • 211110_PM_s_at
  • 211110_s_at
  • 226192_PM_at
  • 226192_at
  • 226197_PM_at
  • 226197_at
  • 367
  • 3979915
  • 3979916
  • 3979917
  • 3979918
  • 3979919
  • 3979920
  • 3979921
  • 3979922
  • 3979923
  • 3979924
  • 3979925
  • 3979926
  • 3979927
  • 3979928
  • 3979929
  • 3979930
  • 3979931
  • 3979932
  • 3979933
  • 3979934
  • 3979942
  • 3979955
  • 3979956
  • 3979960
  • 3979961
  • 3979963
  • 3979964
  • 3979965
  • 3979968
  • 3979970
  • 3979971
  • 3979972
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  • 3979979
  • 3979980
  • 3979981
  • 3979982
  • 3979983
  • 3979988
  • 3979989
  • 3979990
  • 3979992
  • 43435_at
  • 43436_g_at
  • 52851_at
  • 52853_g_at
  • 8167998
  • A_14_P120121
  • A_14_P201842
  • A_23_P113111
  • GE58203
  • GE87814
  • GO:0000122
  • GO:0000165
  • GO:0000785
  • GO:0000976
  • GO:0000977
  • GO:0000978
  • GO:0000979
  • GO:0000981
  • GO:0001091
  • GO:0001223
  • GO:0001228
  • GO:0001701
  • GO:0003073
  • GO:0003382
  • GO:0003677
  • GO:0003682
  • GO:0003700
  • GO:0003707
  • GO:0004879
  • GO:0005102
  • GO:0005496
  • GO:0005497
  • GO:0005515
  • GO:0005634
  • GO:0005654
  • GO:0005737
  • GO:0005829
  • GO:0005886
  • GO:0006351
  • GO:0006355
  • GO:0006357
  • GO:0006366
  • GO:0007165
  • GO:0007267
  • GO:0007283
  • GO:0007338
  • GO:0008013
  • GO:0008270
  • GO:0008284
  • GO:0008285
  • GO:0008289
  • GO:0008584
  • GO:0009566
  • GO:0010467
  • GO:0010468
  • GO:0010628
  • GO:0016607
  • GO:0019102
  • GO:0019899
  • GO:0022414
  • GO:0030154
  • GO:0030518
  • GO:0030520
  • GO:0030521
  • GO:0030522
  • GO:0032991
  • GO:0033148
  • GO:0033327
  • GO:0033574
  • GO:0034056
  • GO:0035264
  • GO:0043410
  • GO:0043565
  • GO:0043568
  • GO:0045597
  • GO:0045726
  • GO:0045893
  • GO:0045944
  • GO:0045945
  • GO:0046872
  • GO:0048009
  • GO:0048608
  • GO:0048638
  • GO:0048645
  • GO:0048808
  • GO:0048856
  • GO:0050673
  • GO:0050680
  • GO:0051117
  • GO:0060090
  • GO:0060514
  • GO:0060571
  • GO:0060599
  • GO:0060685
  • GO:0060736
  • GO:0060740
  • GO:0060742
  • GO:0060748
  • GO:0060749
  • GO:0060769
  • GO:0061458
  • GO:0061629
  • GO:0070974
  • GO:0071383
  • GO:0071391
  • GO:0071394
  • GO:0072520
  • GO:0140693
  • GO:0140694
  • GO:1901654
  • GO:1902895
  • GO:1903076
  • GO:1990837
  • GO:2001237
  • HMNXSV003053460
  • Hs.76704.0.A1_3p_at
  • Hs.76704.0.A2_3p_at
  • ILMN_1659572
  • ILMN_1767351
  • ILMN_1792540
  • M23263_at
  • M35851_s_at
  • PH_hs_0005583
  • TC0X000358.hg
  • g178655_3p_at
  • g5639998_3p_s_at
physicalEntity
referenceDatabase [ReferenceDatabase:2] UniProt
referenceGene
referenceTranscript
schemaClass ReferenceGeneProduct
secondaryIdentifier
  • ANDR_HUMAN
  • A0A0B4J1T2
  • A2RUN2
  • B1AKD7
  • C0JKD3
  • C0JKD4
  • E7EVX6
  • Q9UD95
sequenceLength 920
species [Species:48887] Homo sapiens
stId uniprot:P10275
url http://purl.uniprot.org/uniprot/P10275

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