The sorting MyD88 adaprtor-like (MAL or TIRAP) normally recruits MyD88 to activated TLR2 and TLR4 receptor complexes (Horng T et al. 2002; Verstak B et al. 2009). MyD88 interacts with MAL (TIRAP) via their TIR domains and activates a downstream signaling pathway mediated by TLR2 and TLR4 (Ohnishi H et al. 2009). A GST pull-down assay showed that defective MyD88 R196C variant loses its ability to bind to MAL (Yamamoto T et al. 2014).
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