14-3-3 proteins bind BAD phosphorylated by activated AKT on serine residue S99 (corresponds to mouse Bad serine residue S136). Binding of 14-3-3 proteins to p-S99-BAD facilitates subsequent phosphorylation of BAD on serine residue S118 (corresponds to mouse serine S155), which disrupts binding of BAD to BCL2 proteins and promotes cell survival (Datta et al. 2000). Caspase-3 mediated cleavage of 14-3-3 proteins releases BAD and promotes apoptosis (Won et al. 2003). All known 14-3-3 protein isoforms (beta/alpha i.e. YWHAB, gamma i.e. YWHAG, zeta/delta i.e. YWHAZ, epsilon i.e. YWHAE, eta i.e. YWHAH, sigma i.e. SFN and theta i.e. YWHAQ) can interact with BAD and inhibit it (Subramanian et al. 2001, Chen et al. 2005).
PIAS1,3,4 SUMOylate MTA1 with SUMO2,3 at lysine-509 (Cong et al. 2011). SUMOylation increases the repressor activity of MTA1 at the PS2 promoter (Cong et al. 2011).