Dorsal foregut endoderm cell produces duodeno-pancreatic endoderm cell (Jennings et al. 2013). Duodeno-pancreatic endoderm cells are progenitor cells that give rise to the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) and the pancreas, and they appear at the Carnegie stage 12 (CS12) (29-31 days post-conception) of human embryonic development, with the expression of PDX1 marker first apparent in the nuclei of ~15 cells immediately anterior to the anterior intestinal portal (AIP) that represents the foregut-midgut boundary (Jennings et al. 2013).
Two immunohistochemical studies, both characterizing duodeno-pancreatic endoderm cells at CS12 and CS13 of human embryogenesis, were published by Jennings et al. 2013 and Jennings et al. 2017.
Duodeno-pancreatic endoderm cells are characterized by expression of the following markers that are also expressed in duodenal and pancreatic progenitors, due to their common origin:
Expression of SOX9 in duodeno-pancreatic endoderm is weak (Jennings et al. 2013), and it is not listed as a marker.
As the progression through the stage of duodeno-pancreatic endoderm to formation of multipotent pancreatic progenitor cells is very rapid (Jennings et al. 2013), occurring over several days, and as differentiating cells continue to express RARB within that time frame during the in vitro differentiation protocol that involves treatment with FGF4 and all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) (Johannesson et al. 2009), and FGF2 secretion by the notochord is crucial for the pancreatic specification process (Ameri et al. 2010), atRA, FGF2, and FGF4 are annotated as positive regulators of this cell development step.
Jennings, RE, Berry, AA, Gerrard, DT, Wearne, SJ, Strutt, J, Withey, S, Chhatriwala, M, Piper Hanley, K, Vallier, L, Bobola, N, Hanley, NA
Jennings, RE, Berry, AA, Kirkwood-Wilson, R, Roberts, NA, Hearn, T, Salisbury, RJ, Blaylock, J, Piper Hanley, K, Hanley, NA
Johannesson, M, Ståhlberg, A, Ameri, J, Sand, FW, Norrman, K, Semb, H
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