Mutations affecting arginine residues located at the thrombin cleavage sites result in mild/moderate hemophilia A (HA) (Pattinson JK et al. 1990; Arai M et al. 1990; Schwaab R et al. 1991). Substitution of Arg391 was reported to impair thrombin cleavage of the heavy chain (Shima M et al. 1989; Arai M et al. 1989; O'Brien DP et al. 1990; Nogami K et al. 2005). Similarly, substitution of R1708 prevents cleavage of the FVIII light chain by thrombin (O'Brien DP & Tuddenham EG 1989; Arai M et al. 1990; Newell JL1 & Fay PJ 2009). The substitution of arginine for cysteine at position 1708 (FVIII R1708C, also known as East Hartford, FVIII-EH) has been identified in 5% of all patients with HA (Lazarchick and Hoyer 1978). Uncleaved FVIII R1708C variant was not released from vWF and thereby blocked procoagulant function of FVIII (O'Brien DP & Tuddenham EG 1989; Aly AM & Hoyer LW 1992). The incubation of plasma of FVIII R1708C hemophilic patients with cysteamine, a small aminothiol endogenously derived from coenzyme A degradation, caused dose- and time-dependent increases in FVIII activity and restored light chain cleavage by thrombin (Aly AM et al 1992). It has been suggested that C1708 is present in a disulfide bond which is converted by cysteamine treatment to a positively charged lysine analogue recovering the thrombin cleavage site (Aly AM et al 1992; Gallego-Villar L et al. 2017). In addition, mutations close to thrombin cleavage sites may also disrupt the activation of FVIII (Johnson DJ et al. 1994; Mumford AD et al. 2002). For example, FVIII Y365C variant plasma showed delayed thrombin activation and a greater subsequent rate of decay than wild-type FVIII (Mumford AD et al. 2002). This hypothesis is supported by the observations that the mutation Y365F, generated by site directed mutagenesis, results in a delayed thrombin-mediated activation of FVIII, because sulfation of this residue is crucial for thrombin cleavage at position 391 (Michnick DA et al. 1994). The Reactome event describes failed thrombin-mediated activation of HA-associated FVIII variants (such as R391C, R391H, S392L) due to defects at or close to thrombin cleavage sites.
O'Brien, DP, Tuddenham, EG, Pemberton, S, Acquila, M, Mori, PG, Johnson, DJ
Tuddenham, EG, Boon, M, McVey, JH, Pattinson, JK, Ajani, A
Newell, JL, Fay, PJ
Tuddenham, EG, O'Brien, DP, Pattinson, JK
Zhou, Q, Fay, PJ, Wakabayashi, H, Nogami, K
Antonarakis, SE, Janco, RL, Kazazian, HH, Higuchi, M, Hoyer, LW, Arai, M, Phillips, JA
Ludwig, M, McVey, JH, Oldenburg, J, Kochhan, L, Schwaab, R, Brackmann, HH, Egli, H, Olek, K
serine-type endopeptidase activity of activated thrombin (factor IIa) [extracellular region]
Loss of function of FVIII variant:vWF multimer [extracellular region]
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