Although membrane-localized estrogen receptors stimulate rapid, transcription-independent responses such as calcium mobilization and alterations to the fibronectin matrix to affect cell migration, among others, the pathways activated by rapid signaling may also ultimately affect nuclear events. Activation of MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways downstream of membrane-localized ESR1 contributes to estrogen-responsive changes in cellular proliferation and survival in part through changes in gene expression (reviewed in Levin et al, 2005; Lange et al, 2007; Le Romancer et al, 2011).
Levin, ER
Lange, CA, Gioeli, D, Hammes, SR, Marker, PC
Le Romancer, M, Poulard, C, Cohen, P, Sentis, S, Renoir, JM, Corbo, L
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