Reactome | VKORC1 inhibitors binds VKORC1 dimer

VKORC1 inhibitors binds VKORC1 dimer

Stable Identifier

R-HSA-9026967

Type

Reaction [binding]

Species

Homo sapiens

Compartment

endoplasmic reticulum membrane, cytosol

ReviewStatus

5/5

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4-Hydroxycoumarins belong to a class of vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant drug molecules derived from coumarin, a bitter-tasting but sweet-smelling natural substance made by plants. It itself doesn't affect coagulation, but is transformed in mouldy feeds or silages by a number of fungi into active dicumarol, a substance that does have anticoagulant properties. Identified in 1940, dicumarol became the prototypical drug of the 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant drug class but has been superceded by warfarin since the 1950's (Norn et al. 2014). Phenindione was introduced in the early 1950s and acts similarly to warfarin, but it has been associated with hypersensitivity reactions so is now rarely used (Naisbitt et al. 2005). Other coumarin-derivatives commonly prescribed in Europe and other regions are the long-acting phenprocoumon (half-life 140 hours) and short-acting acenocoumarol (half-life 11 hours) (Gadisseur et al. 2002). Warfarin, the more potent form of dicumarol and initially used as rat poison, was introduced as an oral anticoagulant in the 1950s and is currently the most widely used oral anticoagulant. Although the working mechanism of the 4-Hydroxycoumarin drugs is similar, there are some important differences in pharmacokinetics between them (Verhoef et al. 2014).

The reduction of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide (MK4 epoxide) by VKORC1 is essential to sustain gamma-carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent proteins such as the clotting factors II, VII, IX and X. The anticoagulant drug warfarin inhibits VKORC1 (Whitlon et al. 1978), thereby reducing clotting ability (Choonara et al. 1985, 1988), which is used as a treatment for thrombotic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism and to prevent stroke (Ageno et al. 2012). A common side-effect of warfarin anticoagulation is bleeding which can be counteracted by vitamin K supplementation (Ageno et al. 2012). The exact mechanism by which warfarin inhibits VKORC1 remains elusive. Several recent mechanistic studies suggest competitive binding of a key residue in VKORC1 (Czogalla et al. 2017) or blockage of a dynamic electron-transfer process in VKORC1 (Shen et al. 2017). New oral anticoagulants (NOAC; rivaroxaban, dabigatran, apixaban) have become available as an alternative to warfarin anticoagulation. Unlike warfarin, they are fast-acting and don't require routine coagulation monitoring (Gomez-Outes et al. 2013).

Literature References

PubMed ID	Title	Journal	Year
15743920	Characterization of the T-cell response in a patient with phenindione hypersensitivity Chamberlain, PJ, Berry, NG, Naisbitt, DJ, Pirmohamed, M, Park, BK, Hopkins, JE, Farrell, J	J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.	2005
12060134	Therapeutic quality control of oral anticoagulant therapy comparing the short-acting acenocoumarol and the long-acting phenprocoumon van der Meer, FJ, Fihn, SD, Rosendaal, FR, Gadisseur, AP, Adriaansen, HJ	Br. J. Haematol.	2002
27918545	Warfarin traps human vitamin K epoxide reductase in an intermediate state during electron transfer Gross, ML, Liu, Q, Li, S, Zhou, F, Cui, W, Li, W, Bowman, GR, Sadler, JE, Huang, W, Shen, G, Yang, Y, Zhang, H	Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.	2017
27941861	Warfarin and vitamin K compete for binding to Phe55 in human VKOR Biswas, A, Oldenburg, J, Watzka, M, Liphardt, K, Hornung, V, Höning, K, Czogalla, KJ	Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.	2017
23919835	Pharmacogenetic-guided dosing of coumarin anticoagulants: algorithms for warfarin, acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon Maitland-van der Zee, AH, de Boer, A, van Schie, RM, Daly, AK, Redekop, WK, Verhoef, TI	Br J Clin Pharmacol	2014
25639072	[On the history of vitamin K, dicoumarol and warfarin] Permin, H, Kruse, PR, Norn, S, Kruse, E	Dan Medicinhist Arbog	2014