Estrogens are a class of hormones that play a role in physiological processes such as development, reproduction, metabolism of liver, fat and bone, and neuronal and cardiovascular function (reviewed in Arnal et al, 2017; Haldosen et al, 2014). Estrogens bind estrogen receptors, members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Ligand-bound estrogen receptors act as nuclear transcription factors to regulate expression of genes that control cellular proliferation and differentiation, among other processes, but also play a non-genomic role in rapid signaling from the plasma membrane (reviewed in Hah et al, 2014;Schwartz et al, 2016).
Katzenellenbogen, B, Chambon, P, Flouriot, G, Métivier, R, Henrion, D, Katzenellenbogen, J, Arnal, JF, Lenfant, F, Gourdy, P, Fontaine, C, Adlanmerini, M
Verma, A, Schwartz, Z, Bivens, CB, Schwartz, N, Boyan, BD
Dahlman-Wright, K, Zhao, C, Haldosén, LA
Kraus, WL, Hah, N
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