NFE2L2 binds KEAP1:NEDD8-CUL3:RBX1

Stable Identifier
R-HSA-8932327
Type
Reaction [binding]
Species
Homo sapiens
Compartment
cytosol
Synonyms
NRF2 binds KEAP1 E3 complex
ReviewStatus
5/5
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NFE2L2 binds KEAP1:NEDD8-CUL3:RBX1
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Under the basal resting conditions, cytosolic Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related NFE2L2 (NRF2) is maintained at low basal levels by constitutive proteasomal degradation. Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), which is a substrate adaptor protein for the Cullin 3 (CUL3)-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase complex binds with and represses NFE2L2 by promoting its ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation (Itoh et al. 1999, Cullinan et al. 2004, Kobayashi et al. 2004, Zhang et al. 2004, Furukawa & Xiong 2005). Therefore, the KEAP1–CUL3–E3 ubiquitin ligase complex tightly regulates NFE2L2 protein to maintain it at a low level. NFE2L2 contains seven functional domains, known as Neh1-Neh7. Neh2 domain contains two motifs termed ETGE and DLG that are involved in interacting with KEAP1. The ETGE and the DLG motifs have overlapping binding sites on KEAP1, with the ETGE motif mediating a higher affinity interaction with KEAP1 than the DLG motif. One molecule of NFE2L2 interacts simultaneously with two KEAP1 molecules, with the DLG motif and the ETGE motif on NFE2L2 contacting similar sites on each member of the KEAP1 dimer (Tong et al, 2006; McMahon et al, 2006; Baird et al, 2013; Fukutomi et al, 2014). This complex assembly positions NFE2L2 appropriately to be ubiquitinated by the CUL3/RBX1 ubiquitin ligase, targeting it for degradation. In the presence of electrophiles or other NFE2L2 inducers, conformational changes within KEAP1 occur as inducers interact with KEAP1 'sensor cysteines'. These conformational changes disrupt the KEAP1-DLG motif interaction, repositioning NFE2L2 within the KEAP1 complex in such a way as to prevent its ubiquitination. In this 'hinge and latch model', saturation of the KEAP1:CUL3:RBX1 complex with mal-positioned and thus not degradable NFE2L2 allows newly translated NFE2L2 to accumulate and translocate into the nucleus to stimulate transcription (Tong et al, 2006; Tong et al, 2007; reviewed in Baird and Yamamoto, 2020). This NFE2L2-KEAP1 interaction is also known to be regulated negatively by multiple proteins like PALB2, DPP3 and AMER(WTX1) which competitively bind with NFE2L2/KEAP1 and allow NFE2L2 nuclear translocation. They play an important role in NFE2L2 regulation to other pathways (Mizukami et al, 2012; Lu et al, 2017; Camp et al, 2012). In addition to that, this NFE2L2-KEAP1 binding is also regulated by succinylation of KEAP1 as cysteine residue and inhibits KEAP1 binding with NRF2 in FH mutant (LOF) condition (Ooi et al, 2011).
KEAP1 and NFE2L2 mutations occur in several tumor types and KEAP1 and NFE2L2 mutations occur at a frequency of around 25% in lung cancer. The NFE2L2 pathway has multiple pro-tumorigenic functions, and NFE2L2 levels are increased in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). KEAP1 somatic mutant C23Y is observed in tumors from approximately 15% of patients with lung cancer (Hayes & McMahon 2009).
Literature References
PubMed ID Title Journal Year
15572695 Keap1 is a redox-regulated substrate adaptor protein for a Cul3-dependent ubiquitin ligase complex

Zhang, DD, Lo, SC, Cross, JV, Templeton, DJ, Hannink, M

Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004
16790436 Dimerization of substrate adaptors can facilitate cullin-mediated ubiquitylation of proteins by a "tethering" mechanism: a two-site interaction model for the Nrf2-Keap1 complex

McMahon, M, Thomas, N, Itoh, K, Yamamoto, M, Hayes, JD

J Biol Chem 2006
17081101 Two-site substrate recognition model for the Keap1-Nrf2 system: a hinge and latch mechanism

Tong, KI, Kobayashi, A, Katsuoka, F, Yamamoto, M

Biol Chem 2006
32284348 The Molecular Mechanisms Regulating the KEAP1-NRF2 Pathway

Baird, L, Yamamoto, M

Mol Cell Biol 2020
24366543 Kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural characterizations of the association between Nrf2-DLGex degron and Keap1

Fukutomi, T, Takagi, K, Mizushima, T, Ohuchi, N, Yamamoto, M

Mol Cell Biol 2014
23986495 Regulatory flexibility in the Nrf2-mediated stress response is conferred by conformational cycling of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein complex

Baird, L, Lleres, D, Swift, S, Dinkova-Kostova, AT

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013
17785452 Different electrostatic potentials define ETGE and DLG motifs as hinge and latch in oxidative stress response

Tong, KI, Padmanabhan, B, Kobayashi, A, Shang, C, Hirotsu, Y, Yokoyama, S, Yamamoto, M

Mol Cell Biol 2007
15601839 BTB protein Keap1 targets antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 for ubiquitination by the Cullin 3-Roc1 ligase

Furukawa, M, Xiong, Y

Mol. Cell. Biol. 2005
15282312 Oxidative stress sensor Keap1 functions as an adaptor for Cul3-based E3 ligase to regulate proteasomal degradation of Nrf2

Kobayashi, A, Kang, MI, Okawa, H, Ohtsuji, M, Zenke, Y, Chiba, T, Igarashi, K, Yamamoto, M

Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004
15367669 The Keap1-BTB protein is an adaptor that bridges Nrf2 to a Cul3-based E3 ligase: oxidative stress sensing by a Cul3-Keap1 ligase

Cullinan, SB, Gordan, JD, Jin, J, Harper, JW, Diehl, JA

Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004
19321346 NRF2 and KEAP1 mutations: permanent activation of an adaptive response in cancer

Hayes, JD, McMahon, M

Trends Biochem. Sci. 2009
9887101 Keap1 represses nuclear activation of antioxidant responsive elements by Nrf2 through binding to the amino-terminal Neh2 domain

Itoh, K, Wakabayashi, N, Katoh, Y, Ishii, T, Igarashi, K, Engel, JD, Yamamoto, M

Genes Dev. 1999
Participants
Input
Output
Participates
as an event of
This event is regulated
Negatively by
Regulator
SQSTM1 oliogmer:X [cytosol] (Homo sapiens)
Regulator
ub-K420 p-S349 SQSTM1 oligomer:KEAP1:NEDD8-CUL3:RBX1 [cytosol] (Homo sapiens)
Active Unit
SQSTM1 oligomer [cytosol]
Regulator
PALB2 [cytosol] (Homo sapiens)
Regulator
BRCA1 [nucleoplasm] (Homo sapiens)
Regulator
CDKN1A [cytosol] (Homo sapiens)
Regulator
DPP3 [cytosol] (Homo sapiens)
Regulator
AMER1 [cytosol] (Homo sapiens)
Authored
Garapati, P V  (2016-07-22)
Reviewed
Somers, J  (2021-01-23)
Cuadrado, A  (2022-02-23)
Created
Garapati, P V  (2016-07-22)
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