Reactome | Recruitment of AP-2 complex and clathrin

Recruitment of AP-2 complex and clathrin

Stable Identifier

R-HSA-8856808

Type

Reaction [binding]

Species

Homo sapiens

Compartment

plasma membrane

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Recruitment of AP-2 complex and clathrin

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Recruitment of early acting proteins such as the FCHo and ITSN proteins stabilizes the transient AP-2:clathrin complex at the plasma membrane and is rapidly followed by incorporation of many more molecules of AP-2 and clathrin. AP-2 binding to the plasma-membrane enriched PI(4,5)P2 is reinforced early in the formation of a CCP by the interaction of AP-2 with PIP5K1C, which synthesizes PI(4)P to PI(4,5)P2 (Krauss et al, 2006; Bairstow et al, 2006; Thieman et al, 2009).

AP-2 recruitment is also promoted by conformational changes upon lipid and protein binding. AP-2 is a heterotetramer consisting of two large subunits (alpha and beta1 adaptin), a medium mu2 subunit and a small sigma2 subunit, and exists in a closed conformation when not part of a clathrin-coated pit (Jackson et al, 2010).
Interactions between the AP-2 mu2 subunit and PIP2 within the lipid bilayer stabilize the 'open' conformation of AP-2, exposing binding sites for cargo proteins. The open conformation is also promoted by interaction of AP-2 with early CCP proteins such as SGIP and FCHo2 (Hollopeter et al, 2014). Recruitment of clathrin stimulates the activity of AAK1, an AP-2 kinase that phosphorylates the mu2 subunit of the adaptor complex at Thr156, further stabilizing the open conformation and promoting cargo recruitment (Olusanya et al, 2001; Ricotta et al, 2002; Conner et al, 2002; Conner et al, 2003).

NECAP1 and 2 may also aid in the assembly of an emergent clathrin-coated pit. NECAP proteins have a WxxF motif at the C-terminus that binds with high affinity to the alpha-ear sandwich domain of AP-2 and an N-terminal PH ear domain that interacts both with AP-2 and a wide range of endocytic accessory proteins containing FxDxF motifs (Ritter et al, 2003; Wasiak et al, 2002; Ritter et al, 2013). Clathrin and the NECAP PH ear domain appear to compete for an AP-2 binding site. Clathrin-mediated displacement of the NECAP PH ear domain from its lower affinity AP-2 site may allow release this domain, allowing it to transition to a role in recruiting endocytic accessory proteins and cargo (Ritter et al, 2007; Ritter et al, 2013; reviewed in McMahon and Boucrot, 2011).

Finally, studies have highlighted a role for ARF6 and its GTPase activating protein ARFGAP1 in CCP formation, although the details remain to be established.
ARFGAP1 and ARF6 appear to contribute to the recruitment of some cargo, but may also play a more generalized role in CCP formation (Moravec et al, 2012; Bai et al, 2011). ARFGAP1 binds directly to AP-2 and its GAP activity is required for CME. Consistent with this, silencing of ARFGAP1 impairs CME (Schmid et al, 2006; Rawet et al 2010; Bai et al 2011). ARFGAP1 has activity towards several ARFs, including ARF6 which is found is some CCPs and is known to regulate CME under some circumstances (Moravec et al, 2003; Palacios et al, 2002; Paleotti et al, 2005; Kraus et al, 2003). ARF6 is thought to contribute to the recruitment of AP-2 and clathrin to the plasma membrane, possibly in part by affecting the lipid composition (Paleotti et al, 2002; Krauss et al, 2003).

Literature References

PubMed ID	Title	Journal	Year
14617351	AAK1-mediated micro2 phosphorylation is stimulated by assembled clathrin Conner, SD, Schröter, T, Schmid, SL	Traffic	2003
15916959	Phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate regulates sorting signal recognition by the clathrin-associated adaptor complex AP2 Höning, S, Ricotta, D, Krauss, M, Späte, K, Spolaore, B, Motley, A, Robinson, M, Robinson, C, Haucke, V, Owen, DJ	Mol. Cell	2005
22815487	BRAG2/GEP100/IQSec1 interacts with clathrin and regulates ?5?1 integrin endocytosis through activation of ADP ribosylation factor 5 (Arf5) Moravec, R, Conger, KK, D'Souza, R, Allison, AB, Casanova, JE	J. Biol. Chem.	2012
16707488	Type Igamma661 phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase directly interacts with AP2 and regulates endocytosis Bairstow, SF, Ling, K, Su, X, Firestone, AJ, Carbonara, C, Anderson, RA	J. Biol. Chem.	2006
12213833	Enthoprotin: a novel clathrin-associated protein identified through subcellular proteomics Wasiak, S, Legendre-Guillemin, V, Puertollano, R, Blondeau, F, Girard, M, de Heuvel, E, Boismenu, D, Bell, AW, Bonifacino, JS, McPherson, PS	J. Cell Biol.	2002
17762867	The NECAP PHear domain increases clathrin accessory protein binding potential Ritter, B, Denisov, AY, Philie, J, Allaire, PD, Legendre-Guillemin, V, Zylbergold, P, Gehring, K, McPherson, PS	EMBO J.	2007
14581451	Clathrin promotes incorporation of cargo into coated pits by activation of the AP2 adaptor micro2 kinase Jackson, AP, Flett, A, Smythe, C, Hufton, L, Wettey, FR, Smythe, E	J. Cell Biol.	2003
11516654	Phosphorylation of threonine 156 of the mu2 subunit of the AP2 complex is essential for endocytosis in vitro and in vivo Olusanya, O, Andrews, PD, Swedlow, JR, Smythe, E	Curr. Biol.	2001
11877457	Phosphorylation of the AP2 mu subunit by AAK1 mediates high affinity binding to membrane protein sorting signals Ricotta, D, Conner, SD, Schmid, SL, von Figura, K, Höning, S	J. Cell Biol.	2002
16880396	Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol kinase type I-mediated phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate synthesis by AP-2mu-cargo complexes Krauss, M, Kukhtina, V, Pechstein, A, Haucke, V	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.	2006
24130457	NECAP 1 regulates AP-2 interactions to control vesicle size, number, and cargo during clathrin-mediated endocytosis Ritter, B, Murphy, S, Dokainish, H, Girard, M, Gudheti, MV, Kozlov, G, Halin, M, Philie, J, Jorgensen, EM, Gehring, K, McPherson, PS	PLoS Biol.	2013
16903783	Role of the AP2 beta-appendage hub in recruiting partners for clathrin-coated vesicle assembly Schmid, EM, Ford, MG, Burtey, A, Praefcke, GJ, Peak-Chew, SY, Mills, IG, Benmerah, A, McMahon, HT	PLoS Biol.	2006
12447393	ARF6-GTP recruits Nm23-H1 to facilitate dynamin-mediated endocytosis during adherens junctions disassembly Palacios, F, Schweitzer, JK, Boshans, RL, D'Souza-Schorey, C	Nat. Cell Biol.	2002
11877461	Identification of an adaptor-associated kinase, AAK1, as a regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis Conner, SD, Schmid, SL	J. Cell Biol.	2002
26403691	Forty Years of Clathrin-coated Vesicles Robinson, MS	Traffic	2015
19287005	Clathrin regulates the association of PIPKIgamma661 with the AP-2 adaptor beta2 appendage Thieman, JR, Mishra, SK, Ling, K, Doray, B, Anderson, RA, Traub, LM	J. Biol. Chem.	2009
22863004	The first five seconds in the life of a clathrin-coated pit Cocucci, E, Aguet, F, Boulant, S, Kirchhausen, T	Cell	2012
12847086	ARF6 stimulates clathrin/AP-2 recruitment to synaptic membranes by activating phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase type Igamma Krauss, M, Kinuta, M, Wenk, MR, De Camilli, P, Takei, K, Haucke, V	J Cell Biol	2003
14555962	Identification of a family of endocytic proteins that define a new alpha-adaptin ear-binding motif Ritter, B, Philie, J, Girard, M, Tung, EC, Blondeau, F, McPherson, PS	EMBO Rep.	2003
20211604	ArfGAP1 interacts with coat proteins through tryptophan-based motifs Rawet, M, Levi-Tal, S, Szafer-Glusman, E, Parnis, A, Cassel, D	Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.	2010
21779028	Molecular mechanism and physiological functions of clathrin-mediated endocytosis McMahon, HT, Boucrot, E	Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.	2011
15802264	The small G-protein Arf6GTP recruits the AP-2 adaptor complex to membranes Paleotti, O, Macia, E, Luton, F, Klein, S, Partisani, M, Chardin, P, Kirchhausen, T, Franco, M	J. Biol. Chem.	2005
1847920	Interaction of phosphoinositide cycle intermediates with the plasma membrane-associated clathrin assembly protein AP-2 Beck, KA, Keen, JH	J. Biol. Chem.	1991
21499258	ARFGAP1 promotes AP-2-dependent endocytosis Bai, M, Gad, H, Turacchio, G, Cocucci, E, Yang, JS, Li, J, Beznoussenko, GV, Nie, Z, Luo, R, Fu, L, Collawn, JF, Kirchhausen, T, Luini, A, Hsu, VW	Nat. Cell Biol.	2011