ATG12 is transferred from ATG10, becoming conjugated to the target protein ATG5 at Lys-149 through an isopeptide bond (Mizushima et al. 1998). There is no E3-like enzyme involved in Atg12-Atg5 conjugation. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, mutational analyses, and crosslinking experiments showed that ATG10 directly recognizes ATG5, binding it to place the side chain of ATG5 Lys-145 into an optimal orientation for its conjugation reaction with ATG12, thereby enabling ATG10 to mediate the formation of the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate without a specific E3 enzyme (Yamaguchi et al. 2012).
Yamaguchi, M, Noda, NN, Yamamoto, H, Shima, T, Kumeta, H, Kobashigawa, Y, Akada, R, Ohsumi, Y, Inagaki, F
Shao, Y, Gao, Z, Feldman, T, Jiang, X
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