Defective SLC1A1 is implicated in schizophrenia 18 (SCZD18) and dicarboxylic aminoaciduria (DCBXA)

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R-HSA-5619067
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Homo sapiens
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Defective SLC1A1 is implicated in schizophrenia 18 (SCZD18) and dicarboxylic aminoaciduria (DCBXA)
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There are two classes of glutamate transporters; the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) which depend on an electrochemical gradient of Na+ ions and vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) which are proton-dependent. Together, these transporters uptake and release glutamate to mediate this neurotransmitter's excitatory signal and are part of the glutamate-glutamine cycle.

The SLC1 gene family includes five high-affinity glutamate transporters encoded by SLC1, 2, 3, 6 and 7. These transporters can mediate transport of L-Glutamate (L-Glu), L-Aspartate (L-Asp) and D-Aspartate (D-Asp) with cotransport of 3 Na+ ions and H+ and antiport of a K+ ion. This mechanism allows glutamate into cells against a concentration gradient. This is a crucial factor in the protection of neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity (the excitation of nerve cells to their death) in the CNS (Zhou & Danbolt 2014).

SLC1A1 encodes an excitatory amino-acid carrier 1 (EAAC1, also called EAAT3) and is abundant particularly in brain but also in kidney, liver, muscle, ovary, testis and in retinoblastoma cell lines. In the kidney, SLC1A1 is present at apical membranes of proximal tubes where it serves as a major route of glutamate and aspartate reuptake from urine. Defects in SLC1A1 are the cause of dicarboxylic aminoaciduria (DCBXA; MIM:222730), an autosomal recessive glutamate-aspartate transport defect in the kidney and intestine (Bailey et al. 2011). Mutations that can cause DCBXA are R445W and I395del (Bailey et al. 2011).

A defect in SLC1A1 is also implicated in schizophrenia 18 (SCZD18; MIM:615232). Schizophrenia (SCZD; MIM:181500) is a complex, multifactorial psychotic disorder characterised by disturbances in the form and content of thought, in mood, in sense of self and relationship to the external world and in behaviour. It ranks amongst the world's top 10 causes of long-term disability. At the neuropathological level, SCZD appears to be characterised by synaptic deficits, alterations in glutamate and dopamine neurotransmission and hypofrontality (a state of decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the prefrontal cortex of the brain). Variations in the SLC1A1 gene can confer susceptibility to SCZD18 (Harris et al. 2013). In the remote Pacific island of Palau, the risk of SCZD is 2-3 times the worldwide rate. In a 5-generation Palauan family, an 84kb deletion was carried by psychosis patients and proposed to increase the disease risk more than 18-fold for family members (Myles-Worsley et al. 2013).
Literature References
PubMed ID Title Journal Year
23084727 Schizophrenia: metabolic aspects of aetiology, diagnosis and future treatment strategies

Krishnamurthy, D, Harris, LW, Wayland, MT, Umrania, Y, Guest, PC, Bahn, S, Rahmoune, H

Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013
24578174 Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the healthy brain

Zhou, Y, Danbolt, NC

J Neural Transm 2014
23341099 Deletion at the SLC1A1 glutamate transporter gene co-segregates with schizophrenia and bipolar schizoaffective disorder in a 5-generation family

Faraone, SV, Browning, SR, Korn, J, Gentile, K, Byerley, W, Goodman, S, Tiobech, J, Middleton, FA, Melhem, N, Myles-Worsley, M

Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2013
21123949 Loss-of-function mutations in the glutamate transporter SLC1A1 cause human dicarboxylic aminoaciduria

Bailey, CG, Ryan, RM, Vanslambrouck, JM, Ng, C, Rasko, JE, Thoeng, AD, Auray-Blais, C, King, K, Broer, S, Vandenberg, RJ

J. Clin. Invest. 2011
Participants
Events
Participates
as an event of
Disease
Name Identifier Synonyms
schizophrenia DOID:5419 schizophrenia-1
amino acid metabolic disorder DOID:9252 inborn errors of amino acid metabolism
Cross References
BioModels Database
Authored
Jassal, B  (2014-08-22)
Reviewed
Broer, S  (2015-08-04)
Created
Jassal, B  (2014-08-22)
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