PPAR-alpha is activated by binding polyunsaturated fatty acids especially those having 18-22 carbon groups and 2-6 double bonds. These ligands bind the C-terminal region of PPAR-alpha and include linoleic acid, linolenic acids, arachidonic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. The fibrate drugs are also agonists of PPAR-alpha.Binding of a ligand causes a conformational change in PPAR-alpha so that it recruits coactivators. By analogy with the closely related receptor PPAR-gamma, PPAR-alpha probably binds TBL1 and TBLR1, which are responsible for recruiting the 19S proteasome to degrade corepressors during the exchange of corepressors for coactivators. The coactivators belong to the CBP-SRC-HAT complex (CBP/p300, SRC1, SRC2, SRC3, CARM1, SWI/SNF, BAF60C, PRIC320, and PRIC285), the ASC complex (PRIP/ASC2, PIMT), and the TRAP-DRIP-ARC-MEDIATOR complex (TRAP130, PBP/TRAP220). The coactivators contain LXXLL motifs (Nuclear Receptor Boxes) that interact with the AF-2 region in nuclear receptors such as PPAR-alpha. Additionally bilirubin binds to PPAR-alpha and acts as coactivator.
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