Defective ABCA4 does not transport NRPE from disc membranes

Stable Identifier
R-HSA-2466802
Type
Reaction [transition]
Species
Homo sapiens
Compartment
photoreceptor disc membrane, cytosol, photoreceptor outer segment membrane
ReviewStatus
5/5
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Defective ABCA4 does not transport NRPE from disc membranes
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ATP-binding cassette protein A4 (ABCA4, ABCR), expressed exclusively in retinal photoreceptors, is thought to be involved in the clearance of toxic by-products of the retinoid cycle. Defects in ABCA4 cause a diverse range of human diseases. One such disease is Stargardt's disease type 1 (STGD1, MIM:248200) (Allikmets et al. 1997), an autosomal recessive form of juvenile macular degeneration leading to progressive irreversible loss of central vision and delayed dark adaptation. STGD1 was first identified by Stargardt in 1909 (Stargardt, Arch. Klin. Exp. Ophthal. 71: 534-549, 1909), has an approximate prevalence of 1 in 10,000 (see reviews Paskowitz et al. 2006, Walia & Fishman 2009) and is usually diagnosed within the first two decades of life.

The cause of retinal cell death is believed to be due to the accumulation of an age-related pigment called lipofuscin, which contains toxic by-products of the visual cycle (see review Sparrow et al. 2009). One prevelant toxic by-product, diretinoid-pyridinium-ethanolamine (A2E), is formed from condensation of two molecules of all-trans-retinal and one molecule of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Its precursors (atRAL and N-retinyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NRPE)) are found in ocular tissues from Stargardt patients (Rozet et al. 1998). Another toxic intermediate is atRAL itself, the precursor to A2E. Studies in Abca4- and Rdh-deficient mice reveal atRAL's involvement in acute light-induced retinopathy (Maeda et al. 2009a, b).

Common mutations leading to STGD1 are A1038V, G1961E (Lewis et al. 1999), G863A (or delG863, not described here; Maugeri et al. 1999), R943Q (Allikmets et al. 1997) and T1428M (thought to be prevelant in 8% of the Japanese population; Kuroiwa et al. 1999).
Literature References
PubMed ID Title Journal Year
19553623 Limited roles of Rdh8, Rdh12, and Abca4 in all-trans-retinal clearance in mouse retina

Maeda, A, Golczak, M, Maeda, T, Palczewski, K

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2009
9054934 A photoreceptor cell-specific ATP-binding transporter gene (ABCR) is mutated in recessive Stargardt macular dystrophy

Allikmets, R, Singh, N, Sun, H, Shroyer, NF, Hutchinson, A, Chidambaram, A, Gerrard, B, Baird, L, Stauffer, D, Peiffer, A, Rattner, A, Smallwood, P, Li, Y, Anderson, KL, Lewis, RA, Nathans, J, Leppert, M, Dean, M, Lupski, JR

Nat. Genet. 1997
19304658 Involvement of all-trans-retinal in acute light-induced retinopathy of mice

Maeda, A, Maeda, T, Golczak, M, Chou, S, Desai, A, Hoppel, CL, Matsuyama, S, Palczewski, K

J. Biol. Chem. 2009
9781034 Spectrum of ABCR gene mutations in autosomal recessive macular dystrophies

Rozet, JM, Gerber, S, Souied, E, Perrault, I, Châtelin, S, Ghazi, I, Leowski, C, Dufier, JL, Munnich, A, Kaplan, J

Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 1998
Participants
Input
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as an event of
Catalyst Activity

retinol transmembrane transporter activity of ABCA4 mutants [photoreceptor disc membrane]

Physical Entity
ABCA4 mutants [photoreceptor disc membrane] (Homo sapiens)
Activity
retinol transmembrane transporter activity (GO:0034632)
Normal reaction
ABCA4 transports NRPE from photoreceptor outer segment membrane to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
Functional status

Loss of function of ABCA4 mutants [photoreceptor disc membrane]

Normal Entity
Disease Entity
Status
Disease
Name Identifier Synonyms
macular degeneration DOID:4448 Macular degeneration of retina, unspecified, Macular degeneration (disorder), macular degeneration
Cross References
Mondo
Authored
Jassal, B  (2012-09-12)
Reviewed
Blaner, WS  (2013-01-31)
Created
Jassal, B  (2012-09-12)
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