After phosphorylated SMAD2/3 accumulate in the nucleus in response to TGF-beta stimulation, E3 ubiqutin ligases RNF111 (Arkadia) (Levy et al. 2007) and SMURF2 (Bonni et al. 2001) bind SKI/SKIL in complex with SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer. The role of RNF111 was inferred from experiments that used recombinant mouse RNF111 and endogenous human SMADs and SKI/SKIL (Levy et al. 2007). The role of SMURF2 was inferred from experiments involving human proteins only (Bonni et al. 2001).
Bonni, S, Wang, HR, Causing, CG, Kavsak, P, Stroschein, SL, Luo, K, Wrana, JL
Levy, L, Howell, M, Das, D, Harkin, S, Episkopou, V, Hill, CS
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