Reactome | STING mediated induction of host immune responses

STING mediated induction of host immune responses

Stable Identifier

R-HSA-1834941

Type

Pathway

Species

Homo sapiens

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STING mediated induction of host immune responses

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STING (stimulator of IFN genes; also known as MITA/ERIS/MPYS/TMEM173) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident, which is required for effective type I IFN production in response to nucleic acids. Indeed, select pathogen-derived DNA or RNA were shown to activate STING in human and mouse cells (Ishikawa H and Barber GN 2008; Ishikawa H et al. 2009; Sun W et al. 2009; Prantner D et al. 2010). Importantly, in vitro studies have shown that STING is essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Manzanillo PS et al. 2012), Plasmodium falciparum (Sharma S et al. 2011) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induced type I IFN production [Yan N et al 2010]. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, plasmodium falciparum and HIV are three deadliest pathogens, which kill millions of people each year worldwide.

STING has been also implicated in type I IFN response which was stimulated by fusion of viral and target-cell membrane in a manner independent of DNA, RNA and viral capsid [Holm CK et al 2012].

Under steady state conditions, STING is positioned at the translocon complex within the ER membrane. However upon stimulation with intracellular DNA it translocates from ER to perinuclear vesicles via the Golgi by mechanisms that remain unclear (Ishikawa H and Barber GN 2008; Sun W et al. 2009; Ishikawa H et al. 2009; Saitoh T et al. 2009). Mouse Sting trafficking in dsDNA-stimulated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) cells was found to depend on autophagy-related gene 9a (Atg9a) (Saitoh T et al. 2009).

STING was reported to function as a signaling adaptor or coreceptor in response to cytosolic dsDNA (Unterholzner L et al. 2010; Zhang Z et al. 2011). STING was also shown to function as a direct DNA sensor to induce the innate immune response in human telomerase fibroblasts (hTERT-BJ1) and murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) (Abe T et al. 2013). Additionally, STING is thought to function as a direct sensor of cyclic dinucleotides. STING was shown to interact directly with c-di-GMP in human embryonic kidney HEK293T cell lysates (Burdette DL et al. 2011). Once STING is stimulated, its C-terminus serves as a signaling scaffold to recruit IRF3 and TBK1, which leads to TBK1-dependent phosphorylation of IRF3 (Tanaka Y and Chen ZJ 2012).

Mouse, but not human STING, can also bind vascular disrupting agents 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) and the antiviral small molecule 10-carboxymethyl-9-acridanone (CMA) to induce type I IFN production, suggesting a species-specific drug effect on the STING-mediated host response (Conlon J et al. 2013; Cavlar T et al. 2013).

Literature References

PubMed ID	Title	Journal	Year
20107183	Stimulator of IFN gene is critical for induction of IFN-beta during Chlamydia muridarum infection Nagarajan, UM, Darville, T, Prantner, D	J. Immunol.	2010
20871604	The cytosolic exonuclease TREX1 inhibits the innate immune response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Lieberman, J, Yan, N, Regalado-Magdos, AD, Lee-Kirsch, MA, Stiggelbout, B	Nat. Immunol.	2010
19926846	Atg9a controls dsDNA-driven dynamic translocation of STING and the innate immune response Kawai, T, Takeuchi, O, Satoh, T, Saitoh, T, Omori, H, Takahara, K, Fujita, N, Kageyama, S, Lee, H, Yamamoto, N, Ishii, K, Akira, S, Noda, T, Matsunaga, K, Yoshimori, T, Hayashi, T	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.	2009
18724357	STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling Ishikawa, H, Barber, GN	Nature	2008
23585680	Mouse, but not Human STING, Binds and Signals in Response to the Vascular Disrupting Agent 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-Acetic Acid Burdette, DL, Fitzgerald, KA, Sharma, S, Vance, RE, Bhat, N, Conlon, J, Xiao, TS, Monks, B, Rathinam, VA, Jin, T, Thompson, M, Vogel, SN, Jiang, Z	J. Immunol.	2013
21947006	STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP Burdette, DL, Eckert, B, Vance, RE, Hayakawa, Y, Iwig, JS, Sotelo-Troha, K, Hyodo, M, Monroe, KM	Nature	2011
22394562	STING specifies IRF3 phosphorylation by TBK1 in the cytosolic DNA signaling pathway Tanaka, Y, Chen, ZJ	Sci Signal	2012
22706339	Virus-cell fusion as a trigger of innate immunity dependent on the adaptor STING Fitzgerald, KA, Rasmussen, SB, Herold, BC, Gonzalez-Dosal, R, Holm, CK, Rixon, FJ, Horan, KA, Jakobsen, MR, Yarovinsky, TO, Paludan, SR, Jensen, SB, Cheshenko, N, Moeller, HB, Christensen, MH	Nat. Immunol.	2012
19433799	ERIS, an endoplasmic reticulum IFN stimulator, activates innate immune signaling through dimerization Chen, D, Chen, H, Zhou, X, Zhou, Y, Zhai, Z, Jiang, Z, Chen, L, You, F, Li, Y, Sun, W	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.	2009
22607800	Mycobacterium tuberculosis activates the DNA-dependent cytosolic surveillance pathway within macrophages Cox, JS, Manzanillo, PS, Shiloh, MU, Portnoy, DA	Cell Host Microbe	2012
21820332	Innate immune recognition of an AT-rich stem-loop DNA motif in the Plasmodium falciparum genome Fitzgerald, KA, Sharma, S, Barber, GN, Hall, JP, Gazzinelli, RT, Goutagny, N, Kalantari, P, DeOliveira, RB, Lauw, F, Chan, J, Golenbock, DT, Jiang, Z, Parroche, P, Bartholomeu, DC	Immunity	2011
23478444	STING Recognition of Cytoplasmic DNA Instigates Cellular Defense Konno, H, Ahn, J, Harashima, A, Morales, A, Xia, T, Abe, T, Konno, K, Barber, GN, Gutman, D	Mol. Cell	2013
21892174	The helicase DDX41 senses intracellular DNA mediated by the adaptor STING in dendritic cells Yuan, B, Lu, N, Kim, T, Zhang, Z, Liu, YJ, Bao, M	Nat. Immunol.	2011
20890285	IFI16 is an innate immune sensor for intracellular DNA Xiao, TS, Fitzgerald, KA, Sharma, S, Latz, E, Sirois, CM, Horan, KA, Bowie, AG, Keating, SE, Unterholzner, L, Baran, M, Jin, T, Jensen, SB, Paludan, SR	Nat Immunol	2010
19776740	STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate immunity Ma, Z, Ishikawa, H, Barber, GN	Nature	2009
23604073	Species-specific detection of the antiviral small-molecule compound CMA by STING Ablasser, A, Hopfner, KP, Cavlar, T, Hornung, V, Deimling, T	EMBO J.	2013