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About
What is Reactome ?
News
Team
Scientific Advisory Board
Funding
Editorial Calendar
Release Calendar
Statistics
Our Logo
License Agreement
Privacy Notice
Disclaimer
Digital Preservation
Contact us
Content
Table of Contents
DOIs
Data Schema
Reactome Research Spotlight
ORCID Integration Project
COVID-19 Disease Pathways
Docs
Userguide
Pathway Browser
How do I search ?
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Analysis Gene Expression
Species Comparison
Tissue Distribution
Diseases
Cytomics
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Go!
H+ [cytosol]
Stable Identifier
R-ALL-70106
Type
Chemical Compound [SimpleEntity]
Compartment
cytosol
Synonyms
proton, hydron
Icon
Locations in the PathwayBrowser
for Species:
Homo sapiens
Bos taurus
Caenorhabditis elegans
Canis familiaris
Danio rerio
Dictyostelium discoideum
Drosophila melanogaster
Gallus gallus
Mus musculus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Plasmodium falciparum
Rattus norvegicus
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Sus scrofa
Xenopus tropicalis
Expand all
Cellular responses to stimuli (Bos taurus)
Cellular responses to stress (Bos taurus)
Cellular response to chemical stress (Bos taurus)
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Bos taurus)
NOX2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX4, NOX5 reduce O2 to O2.- (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (cytosol) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway (Bos taurus)
Nuclear events mediated by NFE2L2 (Bos taurus)
NFE2L2 regulating anti-oxidant/detoxification enzymes (Bos taurus)
SRXN1 reduces hyperoxidized PRDX1 dimer (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Drug ADME (Bos taurus)
Abacavir ADME (Bos taurus)
Abacavir metabolism (Bos taurus)
abacavir + 2 NAD+ => abacavir 5'-carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Aspirin ADME (Bos taurus)
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Atorvastatin ADME (Bos taurus)
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 2-OH-ATV (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 4-OH-ATV (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 2-OH-ATVL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 4-OH-ATVL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PON1,3 hydrolyse ATVL to ATV (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes 2-OH-ATV to 2-OH-ATVL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes 4-OH-ATV to 4-OH-ATVL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes ATV to ATVL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Azathioprine ADME (Bos taurus)
GMPS dimer transforms 6TXMP to 6TGMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6MP, forming 6MeMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6TIMP, forming 6MeTIMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH oxidises 6MP to 6TU (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ciprofloxacin ADME (Bos taurus)
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Paracetamol ADME (Bos taurus)
CYP2E1 monooxygenates APAP to NAPQI (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Prednisone ADME (Bos taurus)
AKR1C1 hydrogenates PREDN,PREDL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 oxidizes PREDN,PREDL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2 dehydrogenates PREDL to PREDN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT2B7,2B17,1A3 glucuronidates PRED metabolites (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Gene expression (Transcription) (Bos taurus)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription (Bos taurus)
Generic Transcription Pathway (Bos taurus)
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 (Bos taurus)
TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes (Bos taurus)
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Death Genes (Bos taurus)
TP53 regulates transcription of several additional cell death genes whose specific roles in p53-dependent apoptosis remain uncertain (Bos taurus)
TP53I3 oxidoreductase generates unstable semiquinones (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemostasis (Bos taurus)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation (Bos taurus)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Bos taurus)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Bos taurus)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (Bos taurus)
Platelet degranulation (Bos taurus)
ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Platelet homeostasis (Bos taurus)
Platelet calcium homeostasis (Bos taurus)
Reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels (Bos taurus)
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Immune System (Bos taurus)
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Bos taurus)
Interferon Signaling (Bos taurus)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Bos taurus)
OAS antiviral response (Bos taurus)
PDE12 cleaves 2'-5' oligoadenylates (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Innate Immune System (Bos taurus)
Antimicrobial peptides (Bos taurus)
Ion influx/efflux at host-pathogen interface (Bos taurus)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ROS and RNS production in phagocytes (Bos taurus)
HV1-mediated H+ transfer (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX2 generates superoxide anion from oxygen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism (Bos taurus)
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Bos taurus)
Pyruvate metabolism (Bos taurus)
HAGH hydrolyses (R)-S-LGSH to GSH and LACT (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer oxidises LACT to PYR (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer reduces PYR to LACT (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates OA to PYR (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Bos taurus)
NEK1 phosphorylates ME1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Respiratory electron transport (Bos taurus)
Malate-aspartate shuttle (Bos taurus)
MDH1 reduces OA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Biological oxidations (Bos taurus)
Aflatoxin activation and detoxification (Bos taurus)
AKR dimers reduce AFBDHO to AFBDOH (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFM1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2, 3A4 oxidise AFB1 to AFNBO (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2,3A4,3A5,2A13 oxidise AFB1 to AFXBO (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2A13 oxidises AFM1 to AFM1E (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4,5 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFQ1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Bos taurus)
ALD3A1 oxidises 4HPCP to CXPA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type (Bos taurus)
Eicosanoids (Bos taurus)
CYP4F2, 4F3 20-hydroxylate LTB4 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4F22 20-hydroxylates TrXA3 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Endogenous sterols (Bos taurus)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1B1 4-hydroxylates EST17b (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP39A1 7-hydroxylates 24OH-CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7A1 7-hydroxylates CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7B1 7-hydroxylates 25OH-CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamins (Bos taurus)
CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP27B1 hydroxylates 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ethanol oxidation (Bos taurus)
ADH5 oxidises S-HMGSH to S-FGSH (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [cytosolic] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ethanol + NAD+ => acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Bos taurus)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Bos taurus)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Bos taurus)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Bos taurus)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Bos taurus)
UDP-glucose is oxidised to UDP-glucuronate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Methylation (Bos taurus)
TPMT transfers CH3 from AdoMet to 6MP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Inositol phosphate metabolism (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol (Bos taurus)
MIOX oxidises Ins to GlcA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Bos taurus)
Aspartate and asparagine metabolism (Bos taurus)
PXLP-K333-GADL1 decarboxylates acidic AAs (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine synthesis (Bos taurus)
ALDH9A1 tetramer dehydrogenates TEABL to form TEABT (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Creatine metabolism (Bos taurus)
guanidinoacetate + S-adenosylmethionine => creatine + S-adenosylhomocysteine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Bos taurus)
N-acetylaspartylglutamate synthase A ligates NAA, L-Glu forming NAAG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PYCR3 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine catabolism (Bos taurus)
CARNMT1 methylates CARN to Anserine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CARNS1 transforms ATP, L-His, b-Ala to CARN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine is decarboxylated to histamine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amine-derived hormones (Bos taurus)
Catecholamine biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Noradrenaline is converted to adrenaline (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Methylation of N-acetyl-5-HT to form melatonin (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Thyroxine biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Regulation of thyroid hormone activity (Bos taurus)
Thyroxine is deiodinated to reverse triiodothyronine (RT3) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Thyroxine is deiodinated to triiodothyronine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism (Bos taurus)
Phenylalanine metabolism (Bos taurus)
q-dihydrobiopterin + NADH + H+ => tetrahydrobiopterin + NAD+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Tyrosine catabolism (Bos taurus)
FAH cleaves 4FAA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HGD dioxygenates homogentisate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
Metabolism of ingested MeSeO2H into MeSeH (Bos taurus)
MeSeO2H is reduced to MeSeOH by TXNRD1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MeSeOH is reduced to MeSeH by TXNRD1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Serine biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
PHGDH tetramer dehydrogenates 3PG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
BHMT2 tetramer transfers CH3 group from SMM to LHCYS (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine (Bos taurus)
ADO oxidises 2AET to HTAU (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
FMO1:FAD oxidizes HTAU to TAU (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Methionine salvage pathway (Bos taurus)
Acireductone is created (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Tryptophan catabolism (Bos taurus)
kynurenine + O2 + NADPH + H+ => 3-hydroxykynurenine + NADP+ + H2O (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Bos taurus)
Formation of xylulose-5-phosphate (Bos taurus)
AKR1A1 reduces D-glucuronate to L-gulonate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CRYL1 dimer dehydrogenates L-gulonate to 3-dehydro-L-gulonate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DCXR tetramer reduces L-xylulose to xylitol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD tetramer oxidizes xylitol to D-xylulose (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose metabolism (Bos taurus)
Fructose biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
AKR1B1 reduces Glc to D-sorbitol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD oxidizes D-sorbitol to Fru (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose catabolism (Bos taurus)
ALDH1A1 oxidises GA to DGA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
GLYCTK phosphorylates DGA to 3PDGA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
KHK dimer phosphorylates Fru to Fru 1-P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucose metabolism (Bos taurus)
Gluconeogenesis (Bos taurus)
GAPDH tetramers reduce 1,3BPG to GA3P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycolysis (Bos taurus)
D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + orthophosphate + NAD+ <=> 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1,2,3,GCK,HKDC1 phosphorylate Glc to form G6P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PGM2L1:Mg2+ phosphorylates G6P to G1,6BP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycogen metabolism (Bos taurus)
Glycogen synthesis (Bos taurus)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Bos taurus)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Bos taurus)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pentose phosphate pathway (Bos taurus)
6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ => D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + H2O => 6-phospho-D-gluconate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RBKS phosphorylates ribose to R5P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SHPK phosphorylates Sedo to Sedo7P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Bos taurus)
Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) (Bos taurus)
Biosynthesis of DHA-derived SPMs (Bos taurus)
Biosynthesis of D-series resolvins (Bos taurus)
HPGD dimer oxidises RvD1 to 17(S)-oxo-RvD1 and 8-oxo-17(S)-RvD1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of maresins (Bos taurus)
Biosynthesis of maresin-like SPMs (Bos taurus)
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to 14(R),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(R),21(S)-diHDHA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to 14(S),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(S),21(S)-diHDHA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYPs hydroxylate DHA to 14(R)-HDHA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of protectins (Bos taurus)
CYP1, CYP2 hydroxylate (N)PD1 to 22-OH-(N)PD1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of Lipoxins (LX) (Bos taurus)
LXA4 is oxidised to 15k-LXA4 by HPGD (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
Arachidonate metabolism (Bos taurus)
PLA2G4A (cPLA2) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives (Bos taurus)
Arachidonate is oxidised to 15R-HETE by Acetyl-PTGS2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX) (Bos taurus)
20cho-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cooh-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
20oh-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cho-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALOX5 is phosphorylated by MAPKAP2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4F2, 4F3 20-hydroxylate LTB4 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
LTC4 is exported from the cytosol by ABCC1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX) (Bos taurus)
PGD2 is reduced to 11-epi-PGF2a by AKRIC3 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PGE2 is converted to PGF2a by CBR1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PGH2 is reduced to PGF2a by AKR1C3 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET) (Bos taurus)
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 11,12-EET by CYP(5) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 14,15-EET by CYP(5) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 5,6-EET by CYP(4) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 8,9-EET by CYP(5) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine shuttle (Bos taurus)
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Btn-ACACB:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
pAMPK inactivates ACACB, inhibiting malonyl-CoA synthesis (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Conversion of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to palmitate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Formation of Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA (liver) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD5 desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Bos taurus)
ELOVL1,2,3,5 elongate AA-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODCT-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL3,6,7 elongate PALM-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3OOD-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL7 elongates ICS-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODC-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3,12 hydrogenates 3OOD-CoA to 3HODC-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
TECR,TECRL dehydrogenate TOD-CoA to ST-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Peroxisomal lipid metabolism (Bos taurus)
Beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (Bos taurus)
Peroxisomal uptake of very long-chain fatty acyl CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ketone body metabolism (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Bos taurus)
BDH2 dehydrogenates 3HBA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Bos taurus)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Bos taurus)
CYP7B1 7-hydroxylates 25OH-CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Bos taurus)
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP39A1 7-hydroxylates 24OH-CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,24(S)-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol (Bos taurus)
27-hydroxycholesterol is 7alpha-hydroxylated (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,27-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Bos taurus)
4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
7alpha-hydroxycholesterol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7A1 7-hydroxylates CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol [TM7SF2] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (zymosterone) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one is reduced to 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via desmosterol (Bos taurus)
Cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to desmosterol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol is desaturated to form cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via lathosterol (Bos taurus)
DHCR24 reduces ZYMOL to ZYMSTNL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR7 reduces 7-dehydroCHOL to CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SC5D desaturates LTHSOL to 7-dehydroCHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR24 reduces LAN to 24,25-dhLAN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCR dimer reduces bHMG-CoA to MVA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCS1 condenses Ac-CoA and ACA-CoA to form bHMG-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Squalene is oxidized to its epoxide (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Zymosterone (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one) is reduced to zymosterol (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroid hormones (Bos taurus)
Androgen biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates P4 to 17aHPROG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPREG to DHA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPROG to ANDST (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3-like proteins reducde ANDST to TEST (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD2B1 dimer, HSD3B2 dimer isomerise DHA to ANDST (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A1 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A2 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A3 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Estrogen biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP19A1 hydroxylates TEST to EST17b (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B1 hydrogenates E1 to EST17b (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B11 dehydrogenates EST17b to E1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B14 tetramer oxidises estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B2 oxidises estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucocorticoid biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
17-Hydroxypregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione-17-ol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP21A2 oxidises 17HPROG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2,HSD11B1 dimer oxidise CORT to COR (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Reduction of isocaproaldehyde to 4-methylpentan-1-ol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism (Bos taurus)
CYP24A1 hydroxylates 1,25(OH)2D, inactivating it (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP27B1 hydroxylates 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Bos taurus)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of PA (Bos taurus)
DHAP is converted to G3P by GPD1/GPD1L (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid metabolism (Bos taurus)
Glycosphingolipid metabolism (Bos taurus)
Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
CERK phosphorylates CERA to form C1P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosphingolipid catabolism (Bos taurus)
ENPP7 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD2 and 3 hydrolyze sphingomyelin (plasma membrane) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD4 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (ER membrane) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid catabolism (Bos taurus)
ALDH3A2-1 oxidises HD2NAL to PALM (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B1 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B2 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
ABCC1,ABCG2 transport C18-S1P to extracellular region (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CSNK1G2 phosphorylates p-CERT1-2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ceramide synthases transfer acyl-CoA onto sphingoid (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS1 dehydrogenates dihydroceramide (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS2 oxygenates dihydroceramide (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
FA2H hydroxylates 1,2-saturated fatty acids (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
KDSR reduces 3-ketosphingoid (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PRKD1,2,3 phosphorylates CERT1-2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK1 phosphorylates sphingoid (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK2 phosphorylates sphingoid (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SPTLC complexes transfer acyl-CoA onto serine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax and plasmalogen biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Plasmalogen biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
DHRS7B reduces GO3P to HXDG3P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
FAR1 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
FAR2 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation (Bos taurus)
eNOS activation (Bos taurus)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Depalmitoylation of eNOS (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Uncoupled eNOS favours the formation of superoxide (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Bos taurus)
Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Bos taurus)
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS2] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
dCMP + H2O => dUMP + NH4+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine + ATP => GAR + ADP + Pi (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
AIR + CO2 => CAIR (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CAIR + Aspartate + ATP => SAICAR + ADP + Pi (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAM + ATP => AIR + ADP + Pi (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => FGAM + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
GAR + 10-Formyl-THF => FGAR + THF (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + H2O + NAD+ => XMP + NADH + H+ [IMPDH1,2] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
CAD hexamer dehydrates N-carb-L-Asp to (S)-DHO (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms CAP to N-carb-L-Asp (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms L-Gln to CAP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UMPS dimer decarboxylates OMP to UMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide catabolism (Bos taurus)
Purine catabolism (Bos taurus)
Guanine + H2O => Xanthine + NH4+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Bos taurus)
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-ATP to 2-oxo-AMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-dATP to 2-oxo-dAMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dATP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-ATP to N6-methyl-AMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dATP to N6-methyl-dAMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes O6-methyl-dGTP to O6-methyl-dGMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-GDP to 8-oxo-GMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dADP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates hypoxanthine to form xanthine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates xanthine to form urate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine catabolism (Bos taurus)
5,6-dihydrothymine + H2O => beta-ureidoisobutyrate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O => beta-ureidopropionate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidoisobutyrate + H2O => 3-aminoisobutyrate + NH4+ + CO2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidopropionate + H2O => beta-alanine + NH4+ + CO2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
thymine + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrothymine + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
uracil + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Bos taurus)
Purine salvage (Bos taurus)
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-AMP to IMP and methylamine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dAMP to dIMP and methylamine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
GMP + NADPH + H+ => IMP + NADP+ + NH4+ (GMPR,GMPR2) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of porphyrins (Bos taurus)
Heme biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALAD condenses 2 dALAs to form PBG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO1 to COPRO1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO3 to COPRO3 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Bos taurus)
Metabolism of cofactors (Bos taurus)
NADPH regeneration (Bos taurus)
isocitrate + NADP+ => 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation (Bos taurus)
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (Bos taurus)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Bos taurus)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Bos taurus)
Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport and metabolism (Bos taurus)
Cobalamin (Cbl) metabolism (Bos taurus)
Cob(I)alamin bound to MMACHC is oxidized to cob(II)alamin (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC dealkylates RCbl (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC decyanates CNCbl (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTRR reduces cob(II)alamin to meCbl (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of folate and pterines (Bos taurus)
5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate + NADP+ <=> 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + NADPH + H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH1L1 dehydrogenates 10-formyl-THFPG to THFPG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHF is reduced to tetrahydrofolate (THF) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR dimer reduces FOLA to DHF (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR2 reduces FOLA to DHF (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFD1 dimer dehydrogenates 5,10-methenyl-THFPG to 5,10-methylene-THFPG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFR dimer reduces 5,10-methylene-THFPG to 5-methyl-THFPG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFS transforms 5-formyl-THFPG to 5,10-methenyl-THFPG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Bos taurus)
NMRK1 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK1 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Bos taurus)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
QPRT transfers PRIB to QUIN to form NAMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Bos taurus)
2xENPP1 hydrolyzes FAD to FMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RFK:Mg2+ phosphorylates RIB (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Bos taurus)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
3xPPCDC:3FMN decarboxylates PPC (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY phosphorylates DP-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DCAKD phosphorylates DP-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK1/3 phosphorylate PanK (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK2 phosphorylates PanK (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin C (ascorbate) metabolism (Bos taurus)
CYB5R3:FAD reduces CYB5A:ferriheme to CYB5A:heme (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (Bos taurus)
Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (cytosol) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (cytosol) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Bos taurus)
Post-translational protein modification (Bos taurus)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Bos taurus)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Bos taurus)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
TSTA3 dimer reduces GDP-KDGal to GDP-Fuc (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sialic acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GDP-mannose (Bos taurus)
GMPPB converts Mannose-1-phosphate to GDP-Mannose (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1 phosphorylates Mannose to Man6P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Bos taurus)
NAGK dimer phosphorylates GlcNAc, GlcNGc to GlcNAc-6-P, GlcNGc-6-P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation (Bos taurus)
Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine (Bos taurus)
DHPS tetramer synthesizes Dhp-K50-EIF5A from EIF5A and spermidine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHPS tetramer synthesizes EIF5A and spermidine from Dhp-K50-EIF5A (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DOHH:Fe2+ hydroxylates Dhp-K50-EIF5A to form Hyp-K50-EIF5A (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Post-translational modification: synthesis of GPI-anchored proteins (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) (Bos taurus)
phosphatidylinositol + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine -> N-acetylglucosaminyl-PI + UDP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Muscle contraction (Bos taurus)
Cardiac conduction (Bos taurus)
Ion homeostasis (Bos taurus)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Bos taurus)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Bos taurus)
Neurotransmitter release cycle (Bos taurus)
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Bos taurus)
Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicles (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Bos taurus)
GABA synthesis (Bos taurus)
PXLP-K405-GAD1 decarboxylates L-Glu to form GABA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GABA by GAD2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Bos taurus)
SLC1A1-3,6,7 exchange L-Glu, H+ and 3Na+ for K+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism In glial cells (Bos taurus)
Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism (Bos taurus)
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sensory Perception (Bos taurus)
Visual phototransduction (Bos taurus)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Bos taurus)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision) (Bos taurus)
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH12 reduces atRAL to atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5 oxidises 11cROL to 11cRAL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RPE65 isomero-hydrolyses atREs to 11cROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
The retinoid cycle in cones (daylight vision) (Bos taurus)
atRAL is reduced to atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Bos taurus)
Signaling by GPCR (Bos taurus)
GPCR downstream signalling (Bos taurus)
G alpha (i) signalling events (Bos taurus)
Opioid Signalling (Bos taurus)
G-protein mediated events (Bos taurus)
PLC beta mediated events (Bos taurus)
Ca-dependent events (Bos taurus)
phospho-PLA2 pathway (Bos taurus)
PLA2G4A (cPLA2) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
G alpha (q) signalling events (Bos taurus)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Bos taurus)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Bos taurus)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (Bos taurus)
ESR-mediated signaling (Bos taurus)
Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling (Bos taurus)
eNOS synthesizes NO (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Retinoic Acid (Bos taurus)
RA biosynthesis pathway (Bos taurus)
ADH1A,1C,4 oxidise atROL to atRAL in vitro (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
AKR1C3 reduces atRAL to atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH8A1 oxidises 9cRAL to 9cRA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDHs oxidise atRAL to atRA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP26A1,B1,C1 4-hydroxylate atRA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,16,DHRS9,RDHE2 oxidise atROL to atRAL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11,14,DHRS3,DRHS4 reduce atRAL to atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5,RDH11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (Bos taurus)
Signaling by Insulin receptor (Bos taurus)
Insulin receptor recycling (Bos taurus)
Endosome acidification (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by VEGF (Bos taurus)
VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway (Bos taurus)
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
VEGFR2 mediated vascular permeability (Bos taurus)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Rho GTPases, Miro GTPases and RHOBTB3 (Bos taurus)
Signaling by Rho GTPases (Bos taurus)
RHO GTPase Effectors (Bos taurus)
RHO GTPases Activate NADPH Oxidases (Bos taurus)
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX1 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX3 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Production of phagocyte oxygen radicals by NOX2 complex bound to RAC2:GTP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Bos taurus)
Ion channel transport (Bos taurus)
Ion transport by P-type ATPases (Bos taurus)
ATP12A:ATP4B exchanges K+ for H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP4A:ATP4B exchanges K+ for H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Stimuli-sensing channels (Bos taurus)
CLCN4/5/6 exchange Cl- for H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CLCN7:OSTM1 exchanges Cl- for H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9B1/C2 exchange Na+ for H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Iron uptake and transport (Bos taurus)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ferritin Complex oxidises 4Fe2+ to Fe(3+)O(OH) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Transferrin endocytosis and recycling (Bos taurus)
Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Bos taurus)
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes (Bos taurus)
Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen (Bos taurus)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ hydrate CO2 to HCO3- (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYB5Rs reduce MetHb to HbA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemoglobin A is protonated and carbamated causing release of oxygen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide (Bos taurus)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ dehydrate HCO3- to CO2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemoglobin A binds O2, releasing H+ and CO2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport (Bos taurus)
Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds (Bos taurus)
Inositol transporters (Bos taurus)
HMIT co-transports myo-inositol with a proton (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MATEs mediate extrusion of xenobiotics (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metal ion SLC transporters (Bos taurus)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic cation/anion/zwitterion transport (Bos taurus)
Organic cation transport (Bos taurus)
SLC22A18 exchanges extracellular organic cations for cytosolic H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport (Bos taurus)
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from cytosol to extracellular region (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC16A3,7,8 cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport (Bos taurus)
RhBG mediates ammonium effflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RhBG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium efflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides (Bos taurus)
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane (Bos taurus)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC38A3-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and alanine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC38A5-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and serine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Bicarbonate transporters (Bos taurus)
Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger transport (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Multifunctional anion exchangers (Bos taurus)
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic anion transporters (Bos taurus)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC17A6,7,8 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (Bos taurus)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton/oligopeptide cotransporters (Bos taurus)
Proton-coupled histidine and di-peptide cotransport (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A1 transports di-/tri-peptides and peptide-like drugs (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC1A1,2,3,6,7 cotransport L-Glu,L-Asp,D-Asp,H+,3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sodium/Proton exchangers (Bos taurus)
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at cell membrane) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at trans-golgi membrane) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A6,7 exchange Na+ for H+ across the early endosome membrane (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A9 exchanges Na+ for H+ across the late endosome membrane (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transport (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cellular responses to stimuli (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cellular responses to stress (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cellular response to chemical stress (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (cytosol) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Drug ADME (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Abacavir ADME (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Abacavir metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
abacavir + 2 NAD+ => abacavir 5'-carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Aspirin ADME (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Atorvastatin ADME (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PON1,3 hydrolyse ATVL to ATV (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Azathioprine ADME (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GMPS dimer transforms 6TXMP to 6TGMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH oxidises 6MP to 6TU (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Ciprofloxacin ADME (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Paracetamol ADME (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYP2E1 monooxygenates APAP to NAPQI (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Prednisone ADME (Caenorhabditis elegans)
AKR1C1 hydrogenates PREDN,PREDL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT2B7,2B17,1A3 glucuronidates PRED metabolites (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Gene expression (Transcription) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Generic Transcription Pathway (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes (Caenorhabditis elegans)
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemostasis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Platelet degranulation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Platelet homeostasis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Platelet calcium homeostasis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Immune System (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Interferon Signaling (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Caenorhabditis elegans)
OAS antiviral response (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PDE12 cleaves 2'-5' oligoadenylates (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Innate Immune System (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Antimicrobial peptides (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Ion influx/efflux at host-pathogen interface (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ROS and RNS production in phagocytes (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Pyruvate metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
HAGH hydrolyses (R)-S-LGSH to GSH and LACT (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer oxidises LACT to PYR (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer reduces PYR to LACT (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates OA to PYR (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Respiratory electron transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Malate-aspartate shuttle (Caenorhabditis elegans)
MDH1 reduces OA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Biological oxidations (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Aflatoxin activation and detoxification (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYP1A2,3A4,3A5,2A13 oxidise AFB1 to AFXBO (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2A13 oxidises AFM1 to AFM1E (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ALD3A1 oxidises 4HPCP to CXPA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Endogenous sterols (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamins (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Ethanol oxidation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ADH5 oxidises S-HMGSH to S-FGSH (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [cytosolic] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ethanol + NAD+ => acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
UDP-glucose is oxidised to UDP-glucuronate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Inositol phosphate metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
MIOX oxidises Ins to GlcA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Aspartate and asparagine metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine synthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ALDH9A1 tetramer dehydrogenates TEABL to form TEABT (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amine-derived hormones (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Catecholamine biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Noradrenaline is converted to adrenaline (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Phenylalanine metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
q-dihydrobiopterin + NADH + H+ => tetrahydrobiopterin + NAD+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Tyrosine catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
FAH cleaves 4FAA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
HGD dioxygenates homogentisate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Metabolism of ingested MeSeO2H into MeSeH (Caenorhabditis elegans)
MeSeO2H is reduced to MeSeOH by TXNRD1 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MeSeOH is reduced to MeSeH by TXNRD1 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenocysteine synthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SEPHS2 phosphorylates H2Se to form SELP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Serine biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PHGDH tetramer dehydrogenates 3PG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ADO oxidises 2AET to HTAU (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
FMO1:FAD oxidizes HTAU to TAU (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Methionine salvage pathway (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Acireductone is created (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Tryptophan catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
kynurenine + O2 + NADPH + H+ => 3-hydroxykynurenine + NADP+ + H2O (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Formation of xylulose-5-phosphate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
AKR1A1 reduces D-glucuronate to L-gulonate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CRYL1 dimer dehydrogenates L-gulonate to 3-dehydro-L-gulonate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DCXR tetramer reduces L-xylulose to xylitol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD tetramer oxidizes xylitol to D-xylulose (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Fructose biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
AKR1B1 reduces Glc to D-sorbitol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD oxidizes D-sorbitol to Fru (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ALDH1A1 oxidises GA to DGA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
GLYCTK phosphorylates DGA to 3PDGA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucose metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Gluconeogenesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GAPDH tetramers reduce 1,3BPG to GA3P (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycolysis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + orthophosphate + NAD+ <=> 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1,2,3,GCK,HKDC1 phosphorylate Glc to form G6P (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
PGM2L1:Mg2+ phosphorylates G6P to G1,6BP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycogen metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Glycogen synthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Pentose phosphate pathway (Caenorhabditis elegans)
6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ => D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + H2O => 6-phospho-D-gluconate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RBKS phosphorylates ribose to R5P (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SHPK phosphorylates Sedo to Sedo7P (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Biosynthesis of DHA-derived SPMs (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Biosynthesis of maresins (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Biosynthesis of maresin-like SPMs (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to 14(R),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(R),21(S)-diHDHA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to 14(S),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(S),21(S)-diHDHA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CYPs hydroxylate DHA to 14(R)-HDHA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Arachidonate metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
LTC4 is exported from the cytosol by ABCC1 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PGD2 is reduced to 11-epi-PGF2a by AKRIC3 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
PGH2 is reduced to PGF2a by AKR1C3 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 11,12-EET by CYP(5) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 14,15-EET by CYP(5) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 5,6-EET by CYP(4) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 8,9-EET by CYP(5) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine shuttle (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Btn-ACACB:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
pAMPK inactivates ACACB, inhibiting malonyl-CoA synthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Conversion of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to palmitate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Formation of Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA (liver) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD5 desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ELOVL1,2,3,5 elongate AA-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODCT-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL3,6,7 elongate PALM-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3OOD-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3,12 hydrogenates 3OOD-CoA to 3HODC-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
TECR,TECRL dehydrogenate TOD-CoA to ST-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Peroxisomal lipid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Peroxisomal uptake of very long-chain fatty acyl CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cholesterol is hydroxylated to 25-hydroxycholesterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (zymosterone) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via desmosterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to desmosterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via lathosterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
DHCR24 reduces ZYMOL to ZYMSTNL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR7 reduces 7-dehydroCHOL to CHOL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR24 reduces LAN to 24,25-dhLAN (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCR dimer reduces bHMG-CoA to MVA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCS1 condenses Ac-CoA and ACA-CoA to form bHMG-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroid hormones (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Androgen biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
HSD17B3-like proteins reducde ANDST to TEST (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A1 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A2 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A3 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Estrogen biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP19A1 hydroxylates TEST to EST17b (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Reduction of isocaproaldehyde to 4-methylpentan-1-ol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of PA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
DHAP is converted to G3P by GPD1/GPD1L (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Glycosphingolipid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CERK phosphorylates CERA to form C1P (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosphingolipid catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ENPP7 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD2 and 3 hydrolyze sphingomyelin (plasma membrane) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD4 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (ER membrane) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ALDH3A2-1 oxidises HD2NAL to PALM (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B1 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B2 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ABCC1,ABCG2 transport C18-S1P to extracellular region (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CSNK1G2 phosphorylates p-CERT1-2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Ceramide synthases transfer acyl-CoA onto sphingoid (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS1 dehydrogenates dihydroceramide (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS2 oxygenates dihydroceramide (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
FA2H hydroxylates 1,2-saturated fatty acids (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
KDSR reduces 3-ketosphingoid (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
PRKD1,2,3 phosphorylates CERT1-2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK1 phosphorylates sphingoid (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK2 phosphorylates sphingoid (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax and plasmalogen biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Plasmalogen biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
DHRS7B reduces GO3P to HXDG3P (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
FAR1 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
FAR2 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
eNOS activation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Uncoupled eNOS favours the formation of superoxide (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Caenorhabditis elegans)
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS2] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine + ATP => GAR + ADP + Pi (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
AIR + CO2 => CAIR (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CAIR + Aspartate + ATP => SAICAR + ADP + Pi (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAM + ATP => AIR + ADP + Pi (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => FGAM + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
GAR + 10-Formyl-THF => FGAR + THF (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + H2O + NAD+ => XMP + NADH + H+ [IMPDH1,2] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CAD hexamer dehydrates N-carb-L-Asp to (S)-DHO (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms CAP to N-carb-L-Asp (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms L-Gln to CAP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
UMPS dimer decarboxylates OMP to UMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Purine catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-GDP to 8-oxo-GMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dADP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates hypoxanthine to form xanthine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates xanthine to form urate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
5,6-dihydrothymine + H2O => beta-ureidoisobutyrate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O => beta-ureidopropionate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidoisobutyrate + H2O => 3-aminoisobutyrate + NH4+ + CO2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidopropionate + H2O => beta-alanine + NH4+ + CO2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
thymine + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrothymine + NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
uracil + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Purine salvage (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-AMP to IMP and methylamine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dAMP to dIMP and methylamine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
GMP + NADPH + H+ => IMP + NADP+ + NH4+ (GMPR,GMPR2) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of porphyrins (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Heme biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Metabolism of cofactors (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NADPH regeneration (Caenorhabditis elegans)
isocitrate + NADP+ => 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport and metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cobalamin (Cbl) metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cob(I)alamin bound to MMACHC is oxidized to cob(II)alamin (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC dealkylates RCbl (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC decyanates CNCbl (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MTRR reduces cob(II)alamin to meCbl (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of folate and pterines (Caenorhabditis elegans)
5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate + NADP+ <=> 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + NADPH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH1L1 dehydrogenates 10-formyl-THFPG to THFPG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DHF is reduced to tetrahydrofolate (THF) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR dimer reduces FOLA to DHF (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR2 reduces FOLA to DHF (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFD1 dimer dehydrogenates 5,10-methenyl-THFPG to 5,10-methylene-THFPG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFR dimer reduces 5,10-methylene-THFPG to 5-methyl-THFPG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFS transforms 5-formyl-THFPG to 5,10-methenyl-THFPG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Nicotinamide salvaging (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
2xENPP1 hydrolyzes FAD to FMN (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RFK:Mg2+ phosphorylates RIB (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
3xPPCDC:3FMN decarboxylates PPC (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY phosphorylates DP-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DCAKD phosphorylates DP-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (cytosol) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (cytosol) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Post-translational protein modification (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
TSTA3 dimer reduces GDP-KDGal to GDP-Fuc (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Sialic acid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GDP-mannose (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GMPPB converts Mannose-1-phosphate to GDP-Mannose (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1 phosphorylates Mannose to Man6P (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NAGK dimer phosphorylates GlcNAc, GlcNGc to GlcNAc-6-P, GlcNGc-6-P (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
DHPS tetramer synthesizes Dhp-K50-EIF5A from EIF5A and spermidine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DHPS tetramer synthesizes EIF5A and spermidine from Dhp-K50-EIF5A (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DOHH:Fe2+ hydroxylates Dhp-K50-EIF5A to form Hyp-K50-EIF5A (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Muscle contraction (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cardiac conduction (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Ion homeostasis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Neurotransmitter release cycle (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicles (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GABA synthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PXLP-K405-GAD1 decarboxylates L-Glu to form GABA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GABA by GAD2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC1A1-3,6,7 exchange L-Glu, H+ and 3Na+ for K+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism In glial cells (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Sensory Perception (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Visual phototransduction (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RPE65 isomero-hydrolyses atREs to 11cROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
The retinoid cycle in cones (daylight vision) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
atRAL is reduced to atROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Signaling by GPCR (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GPCR downstream signalling (Caenorhabditis elegans)
G alpha (q) signalling events (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ESR-mediated signaling (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling (Caenorhabditis elegans)
eNOS synthesizes NO (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Retinoic Acid (Caenorhabditis elegans)
RA biosynthesis pathway (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ADH1A,1C,4 oxidise atROL to atRAL in vitro (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
AKR1C3 reduces atRAL to atROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH8A1 oxidises 9cRAL to 9cRA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDHs oxidise atRAL to atRA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,16,DHRS9,RDHE2 oxidise atROL to atRAL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11,14,DHRS3,DRHS4 reduce atRAL to atROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5,RDH11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Signaling by Insulin receptor (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Insulin receptor recycling (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Endosome acidification (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by VEGF (Caenorhabditis elegans)
VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway (Caenorhabditis elegans)
VEGFR2 mediated vascular permeability (Caenorhabditis elegans)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Ion channel transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Ion transport by P-type ATPases (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Stimuli-sensing channels (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CLCN4/5/6 exchange Cl- for H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CLCN7:OSTM1 exchanges Cl- for H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9B1/C2 exchange Na+ for H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Iron uptake and transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Ferritin Complex oxidises 4Fe2+ to Fe(3+)O(OH) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Transferrin endocytosis and recycling (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ hydrate CO2 to HCO3- (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ dehydrate HCO3- to CO2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Inositol transporters (Caenorhabditis elegans)
HMIT co-transports myo-inositol with a proton (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metal ion SLC transporters (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic cation/anion/zwitterion transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Organic cation transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC22A18 exchanges extracellular organic cations for cytosolic H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from cytosol to extracellular region (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC16A3,7,8 cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
RhBG mediates ammonium effflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RhBG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium efflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Bicarbonate transporters (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Multifunctional anion exchangers (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic anion transporters (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC17A6,7,8 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton/oligopeptide cotransporters (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC25A1 transports di-/tri-peptides and peptide-like drugs (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC1A1,2,3,6,7 cotransport L-Glu,L-Asp,D-Asp,H+,3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Sodium/Proton exchangers (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at cell membrane) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at trans-golgi membrane) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A6,7 exchange Na+ for H+ across the early endosome membrane (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A9 exchanges Na+ for H+ across the late endosome membrane (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Cellular responses to stimuli (Canis familiaris)
Cellular responses to stress (Canis familiaris)
Cellular response to chemical stress (Canis familiaris)
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Canis familiaris)
NOX2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX4, NOX5 reduce O2 to O2.- (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (cytosol) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway (Canis familiaris)
Nuclear events mediated by NFE2L2 (Canis familiaris)
NFE2L2 regulating anti-oxidant/detoxification enzymes (Canis familiaris)
SRXN1 reduces hyperoxidized PRDX1 dimer (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Drug ADME (Canis familiaris)
Abacavir ADME (Canis familiaris)
Abacavir metabolism (Canis familiaris)
abacavir + 2 NAD+ => abacavir 5'-carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Aspirin ADME (Canis familiaris)
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Atorvastatin ADME (Canis familiaris)
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 2-OH-ATV (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 4-OH-ATV (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 2-OH-ATVL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 4-OH-ATVL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
PON1,3 hydrolyse ATVL to ATV (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Azathioprine ADME (Canis familiaris)
GMPS dimer transforms 6TXMP to 6TGMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6MP, forming 6MeMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6TIMP, forming 6MeTIMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH oxidises 6MP to 6TU (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Ciprofloxacin ADME (Canis familiaris)
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Paracetamol ADME (Canis familiaris)
CYP2E1 monooxygenates APAP to NAPQI (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Prednisone ADME (Canis familiaris)
CYP3A4 oxidizes PREDN,PREDL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B1 hydrogenates PREDN to PREDL in hepatic cell (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2 dehydrogenates PREDL to PREDN (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT2B7,2B17,1A3 glucuronidates PRED metabolites (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Gene expression (Transcription) (Canis familiaris)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription (Canis familiaris)
Generic Transcription Pathway (Canis familiaris)
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 (Canis familiaris)
TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes (Canis familiaris)
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Death Genes (Canis familiaris)
TP53 regulates transcription of several additional cell death genes whose specific roles in p53-dependent apoptosis remain uncertain (Canis familiaris)
TP53I3 oxidoreductase generates unstable semiquinones (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemostasis (Canis familiaris)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation (Canis familiaris)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Canis familiaris)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Canis familiaris)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (Canis familiaris)
Platelet degranulation (Canis familiaris)
ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Platelet homeostasis (Canis familiaris)
Platelet calcium homeostasis (Canis familiaris)
Reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels (Canis familiaris)
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Immune System (Canis familiaris)
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Canis familiaris)
Interferon Signaling (Canis familiaris)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Canis familiaris)
OAS antiviral response (Canis familiaris)
PDE12 cleaves 2'-5' oligoadenylates (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Innate Immune System (Canis familiaris)
Antimicrobial peptides (Canis familiaris)
Ion influx/efflux at host-pathogen interface (Canis familiaris)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ROS and RNS production in phagocytes (Canis familiaris)
HV1-mediated H+ transfer (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX2 generates superoxide anion from oxygen (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Canis familiaris)
Pyruvate metabolism (Canis familiaris)
HAGH hydrolyses (R)-S-LGSH to GSH and LACT (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer oxidises LACT to PYR (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer reduces PYR to LACT (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates OA to PYR (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Canis familiaris)
NEK1 phosphorylates ME1 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Respiratory electron transport (Canis familiaris)
Malate-aspartate shuttle (Canis familiaris)
MDH1 reduces OA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Biological oxidations (Canis familiaris)
Aflatoxin activation and detoxification (Canis familiaris)
AKR dimers reduce AFBDHO to AFBDOH (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2, 3A4 oxidise AFB1 to AFNBO (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2,3A4,3A5,2A13 oxidise AFB1 to AFXBO (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2A13 oxidises AFM1 to AFM1E (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4,5 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFQ1 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Canis familiaris)
ALD3A1 oxidises 4HPCP to CXPA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type (Canis familiaris)
Eicosanoids (Canis familiaris)
CYP4F2, 4F3 20-hydroxylate LTB4 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4F22 20-hydroxylates TrXA3 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Endogenous sterols (Canis familiaris)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1B1 4-hydroxylates EST17b (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP39A1 7-hydroxylates 24OH-CHOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7A1 7-hydroxylates CHOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7B1 7-hydroxylates 25OH-CHOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Sterols are 12-hydroxylated by CYP8B1 (Canis familiaris)
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,24(S)DIOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,27DONE (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7aOLONE (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamins (Canis familiaris)
CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP27B1 hydroxylates 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Ethanol oxidation (Canis familiaris)
ADH5 oxidises S-HMGSH to S-FGSH (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [cytosolic] (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ethanol + NAD+ => acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Canis familiaris)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Canis familiaris)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Canis familiaris)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Canis familiaris)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Canis familiaris)
UDP-glucose is oxidised to UDP-glucuronate (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Methylation (Canis familiaris)
TPMT transfers CH3 from AdoMet to 6MP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Inositol phosphate metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol (Canis familiaris)
MIOX oxidises Ins to GlcA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Canis familiaris)
Aspartate and asparagine metabolism (Canis familiaris)
PXLP-K333-GADL1 decarboxylates acidic AAs (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine synthesis (Canis familiaris)
ALDH9A1 tetramer dehydrogenates TEABL to form TEABT (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Creatine metabolism (Canis familiaris)
guanidinoacetate + S-adenosylmethionine => creatine + S-adenosylhomocysteine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Canis familiaris)
N-acetylaspartylglutamate synthase A ligates NAA, L-Glu forming NAAG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
PYCR3 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine catabolism (Canis familiaris)
CARNMT1 methylates CARN to Anserine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CARNS1 transforms ATP, L-His, b-Ala to CARN (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine is decarboxylated to histamine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amine-derived hormones (Canis familiaris)
Catecholamine biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
Noradrenaline is converted to adrenaline (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
Methylation of N-acetyl-5-HT to form melatonin (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Thyroxine biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
Regulation of thyroid hormone activity (Canis familiaris)
Thyroxine is deiodinated to triiodothyronine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Phenylalanine metabolism (Canis familiaris)
q-dihydrobiopterin + NADH + H+ => tetrahydrobiopterin + NAD+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Tyrosine catabolism (Canis familiaris)
FAH cleaves 4FAA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HGD dioxygenates homogentisate (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Selenocysteine synthesis (Canis familiaris)
SEPHS2 phosphorylates H2Se to form SELP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Serine biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
PHGDH tetramer dehydrogenates 3PG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Canis familiaris)
BHMT2 tetramer transfers CH3 group from SMM to LHCYS (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine (Canis familiaris)
ADO oxidises 2AET to HTAU (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
FMO1:FAD oxidizes HTAU to TAU (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Methionine salvage pathway (Canis familiaris)
Acireductone is created (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Tryptophan catabolism (Canis familiaris)
kynurenine + O2 + NADPH + H+ => 3-hydroxykynurenine + NADP+ + H2O (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Canis familiaris)
Formation of xylulose-5-phosphate (Canis familiaris)
AKR1A1 reduces D-glucuronate to L-gulonate (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CRYL1 dimer dehydrogenates L-gulonate to 3-dehydro-L-gulonate (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
DCXR tetramer reduces L-xylulose to xylitol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD tetramer oxidizes xylitol to D-xylulose (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Fructose biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
AKR1B1 reduces Glc to D-sorbitol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD oxidizes D-sorbitol to Fru (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose catabolism (Canis familiaris)
ALDH1A1 oxidises GA to DGA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
GLYCTK phosphorylates DGA to 3PDGA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucose metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Gluconeogenesis (Canis familiaris)
GAPDH tetramers reduce 1,3BPG to GA3P (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycolysis (Canis familiaris)
D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + orthophosphate + NAD+ <=> 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1,2,3,GCK,HKDC1 phosphorylate Glc to form G6P (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
PGM2L1:Mg2+ phosphorylates G6P to G1,6BP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycogen metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Glycogen synthesis (Canis familiaris)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Canis familiaris)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Pentose phosphate pathway (Canis familiaris)
6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ => D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + H2O => 6-phospho-D-gluconate (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
RBKS phosphorylates ribose to R5P (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SHPK phosphorylates Sedo to Sedo7P (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Canis familiaris)
Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) (Canis familiaris)
Biosynthesis of DHA-derived SPMs (Canis familiaris)
Biosynthesis of D-series resolvins (Canis familiaris)
HPGD dimer oxidises RvD1 to 17(S)-oxo-RvD1 and 8-oxo-17(S)-RvD1 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of maresins (Canis familiaris)
Biosynthesis of maresin-like SPMs (Canis familiaris)
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to 14(R),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(R),21(S)-diHDHA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to 14(S),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(S),21(S)-diHDHA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYPs hydroxylate DHA to 14(R)-HDHA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of Lipoxins (LX) (Canis familiaris)
LXA4 is oxidised to 15k-LXA4 by HPGD (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acid metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Arachidonate metabolism (Canis familiaris)
PLA2G4A (cPLA2) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives (Canis familiaris)
Arachidonate is oxidised to 15R-HETE by Acetyl-PTGS2 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX) (Canis familiaris)
20cho-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cooh-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
20oh-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cho-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4F2, 4F3 20-hydroxylate LTB4 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
LTC4 is exported from the cytosol by ABCC1 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX) (Canis familiaris)
PGE2 is converted to PGF2a by CBR1 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET) (Canis familiaris)
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 11,12-EET by CYP(5) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 14,15-EET by CYP(5) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 5,6-EET by CYP(4) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 8,9-EET by CYP(5) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine shuttle (Canis familiaris)
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Btn-ACACB:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
pAMPK inactivates ACACB, inhibiting malonyl-CoA synthesis (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
Conversion of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to palmitate (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Formation of Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA (liver) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD5 desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Canis familiaris)
ELOVL1,2,3,5 elongate AA-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODCT-CoA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL3,6,7 elongate PALM-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3OOD-CoA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL7 elongates ICS-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODC-CoA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3,12 hydrogenates 3OOD-CoA to 3HODC-CoA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
TECR,TECRL dehydrogenate TOD-CoA to ST-CoA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Peroxisomal lipid metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (Canis familiaris)
Peroxisomal uptake of very long-chain fatty acyl CoA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Ketone body metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Canis familiaris)
BDH2 dehydrogenates 3HBA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Canis familiaris)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Canis familiaris)
CYP7B1 7-hydroxylates 25OH-CHOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Canis familiaris)
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP39A1 7-hydroxylates 24OH-CHOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,24(S)DIOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,24(S)-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol (Canis familiaris)
27-hydroxycholesterol is 7alpha-hydroxylated (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,27DONE (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,27-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Canis familiaris)
4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
7alpha-hydroxycholesterol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7A1 7-hydroxylates CHOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7aOLONE (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol [TM7SF2] (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (zymosterone) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one is reduced to 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via desmosterol (Canis familiaris)
Cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to desmosterol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol is desaturated to form cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via lathosterol (Canis familiaris)
DHCR24 reduces ZYMOL to ZYMSTNL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR7 reduces 7-dehydroCHOL to CHOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SC5D desaturates LTHSOL to 7-dehydroCHOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR24 reduces LAN to 24,25-dhLAN (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCR dimer reduces bHMG-CoA to MVA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCS1 condenses Ac-CoA and ACA-CoA to form bHMG-CoA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Squalene is oxidized to its epoxide (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Zymosterone (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one) is reduced to zymosterol (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroid hormones (Canis familiaris)
Androgen biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates P4 to 17aHPROG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPREG to DHA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPROG to ANDST (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD2B1 dimer, HSD3B2 dimer isomerise DHA to ANDST (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A1 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A2 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A3 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Estrogen biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP19A1 hydroxylates TEST to EST17b (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B1 hydrogenates E1 to EST17b (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B11 dehydrogenates EST17b to E1 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B2 oxidises estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucocorticoid biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
17-Hydroxypregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione-17-ol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP21A2 oxidises 17HPROG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2,HSD11B1 dimer oxidise CORT to COR (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
Reduction of isocaproaldehyde to 4-methylpentan-1-ol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism (Canis familiaris)
CYP24A1 hydroxylates 1,25(OH)2D, inactivating it (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP27B1 hydroxylates 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
Synthesis of PA (Canis familiaris)
DHAP is converted to G3P by GPD1/GPD1L (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Glycosphingolipid metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
CERK phosphorylates CERA to form C1P (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosphingolipid catabolism (Canis familiaris)
ENPP7 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD2 and 3 hydrolyze sphingomyelin (plasma membrane) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD4 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (ER membrane) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid catabolism (Canis familiaris)
ALDH3A2-1 oxidises HD2NAL to PALM (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B1 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B2 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
ABCC1,ABCG2 transport C18-S1P to extracellular region (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Ceramide synthases transfer acyl-CoA onto sphingoid (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS1 dehydrogenates dihydroceramide (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS2 oxygenates dihydroceramide (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
FA2H hydroxylates 1,2-saturated fatty acids (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
KDSR reduces 3-ketosphingoid (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK1 phosphorylates sphingoid (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK2 phosphorylates sphingoid (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SPTLC complexes transfer acyl-CoA onto serine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax and plasmalogen biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
Plasmalogen biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
DHRS7B reduces GO3P to HXDG3P (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
FAR1 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
FAR2 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation (Canis familiaris)
eNOS activation (Canis familiaris)
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Canis familiaris)
Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Canis familiaris)
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS2] (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS] (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
dCMP + H2O => dUMP + NH4+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine + ATP => GAR + ADP + Pi (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
AIR + CO2 => CAIR (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CAIR + Aspartate + ATP => SAICAR + ADP + Pi (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAM + ATP => AIR + ADP + Pi (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => FGAM + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
GAR + 10-Formyl-THF => FGAR + THF (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + H2O + NAD+ => XMP + NADH + H+ [IMPDH1,2] (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS] (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
CAD hexamer dehydrates N-carb-L-Asp to (S)-DHO (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms CAP to N-carb-L-Asp (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms L-Gln to CAP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
UMPS dimer decarboxylates OMP to UMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide catabolism (Canis familiaris)
Purine catabolism (Canis familiaris)
Guanine + H2O => Xanthine + NH4+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Canis familiaris)
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-ATP to 2-oxo-AMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-dATP to 2-oxo-dAMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dATP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-ATP to N6-methyl-AMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dATP to N6-methyl-dAMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes O6-methyl-dGTP to O6-methyl-dGMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-GDP to 8-oxo-GMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dADP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates hypoxanthine to form xanthine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates xanthine to form urate (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine catabolism (Canis familiaris)
5,6-dihydrothymine + H2O => beta-ureidoisobutyrate (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O => beta-ureidopropionate (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidoisobutyrate + H2O => 3-aminoisobutyrate + NH4+ + CO2 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidopropionate + H2O => beta-alanine + NH4+ + CO2 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
thymine + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrothymine + NADP+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
uracil + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Canis familiaris)
Purine salvage (Canis familiaris)
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-AMP to IMP and methylamine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dAMP to dIMP and methylamine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
GMP + NADPH + H+ => IMP + NADP+ + NH4+ (GMPR,GMPR2) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of porphyrins (Canis familiaris)
Heme biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ALAD condenses 2 dALAs to form PBG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO1 to COPRO1 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO3 to COPRO3 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Canis familiaris)
Metabolism of cofactors (Canis familiaris)
NADPH regeneration (Canis familiaris)
isocitrate + NADP+ => 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation (Canis familiaris)
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Canis familiaris)
Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport and metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Cobalamin (Cbl) metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Cob(I)alamin bound to MMACHC is oxidized to cob(II)alamin (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC dealkylates RCbl (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC decyanates CNCbl (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
MTRR reduces cob(II)alamin to meCbl (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of folate and pterines (Canis familiaris)
5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate + NADP+ <=> 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + NADPH + H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH1L1 dehydrogenates 10-formyl-THFPG to THFPG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
DHF is reduced to tetrahydrofolate (THF) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR dimer reduces FOLA to DHF (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR2 reduces FOLA to DHF (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFD1 dimer dehydrogenates 5,10-methenyl-THFPG to 5,10-methylene-THFPG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFR dimer reduces 5,10-methylene-THFPG to 5-methyl-THFPG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFS transforms 5-formyl-THFPG to 5,10-methenyl-THFPG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Canis familiaris)
NMRK1 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK1 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Canis familiaris)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
QPRT transfers PRIB to QUIN to form NAMN (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Canis familiaris)
2xENPP1 hydrolyzes FAD to FMN (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
RFK:Mg2+ phosphorylates RIB (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
3xPPCDC:3FMN decarboxylates PPC (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY phosphorylates DP-CoA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
DCAKD phosphorylates DP-CoA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK1/3 phosphorylate PanK (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK2 phosphorylates PanK (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin C (ascorbate) metabolism (Canis familiaris)
CYB5R3:FAD reduces CYB5A:ferriheme to CYB5A:heme (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (Canis familiaris)
Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (cytosol) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (cytosol) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Canis familiaris)
Post-translational protein modification (Canis familiaris)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Canis familiaris)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Canis familiaris)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Canis familiaris)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
TSTA3 dimer reduces GDP-KDGal to GDP-Fuc (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Sialic acid metabolism (Canis familiaris)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GDP-mannose (Canis familiaris)
GMPPB converts Mannose-1-phosphate to GDP-Mannose (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1 phosphorylates Mannose to Man6P (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Canis familiaris)
NAGK dimer phosphorylates GlcNAc, GlcNGc to GlcNAc-6-P, GlcNGc-6-P (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation (Canis familiaris)
Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine (Canis familiaris)
DHPS tetramer synthesizes Dhp-K50-EIF5A from EIF5A and spermidine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
DHPS tetramer synthesizes EIF5A and spermidine from Dhp-K50-EIF5A (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
DOHH:Fe2+ hydroxylates Dhp-K50-EIF5A to form Hyp-K50-EIF5A (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Muscle contraction (Canis familiaris)
Cardiac conduction (Canis familiaris)
Ion homeostasis (Canis familiaris)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Canis familiaris)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Canis familiaris)
Neurotransmitter release cycle (Canis familiaris)
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Canis familiaris)
Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicles (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Canis familiaris)
GABA synthesis (Canis familiaris)
PXLP-K405-GAD1 decarboxylates L-Glu to form GABA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GABA by GAD2 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Canis familiaris)
SLC1A1-3,6,7 exchange L-Glu, H+ and 3Na+ for K+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism In glial cells (Canis familiaris)
Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism (Canis familiaris)
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Sensory Perception (Canis familiaris)
Visual phototransduction (Canis familiaris)
The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision) (Canis familiaris)
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH12 reduces atRAL to atROL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5 oxidises 11cROL to 11cRAL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
RPE65 isomero-hydrolyses atREs to 11cROL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
The retinoid cycle in cones (daylight vision) (Canis familiaris)
atRAL is reduced to atROL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Canis familiaris)
Signaling by GPCR (Canis familiaris)
GPCR downstream signalling (Canis familiaris)
G alpha (i) signalling events (Canis familiaris)
Opioid Signalling (Canis familiaris)
G-protein mediated events (Canis familiaris)
PLC beta mediated events (Canis familiaris)
Ca-dependent events (Canis familiaris)
phospho-PLA2 pathway (Canis familiaris)
PLA2G4A (cPLA2) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
G alpha (q) signalling events (Canis familiaris)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Canis familiaris)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Canis familiaris)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (Canis familiaris)
Signaling by Retinoic Acid (Canis familiaris)
RA biosynthesis pathway (Canis familiaris)
ADH1A,1C,4 oxidise atROL to atRAL in vitro (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH8A1 oxidises 9cRAL to 9cRA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDHs oxidise atRAL to atRA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP26A1,B1,C1 4-hydroxylate atRA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,16,DHRS9,RDHE2 oxidise atROL to atRAL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11,14,DHRS3,DRHS4 reduce atRAL to atROL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5,RDH11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (Canis familiaris)
Signaling by Insulin receptor (Canis familiaris)
Insulin receptor recycling (Canis familiaris)
Endosome acidification (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by VEGF (Canis familiaris)
VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway (Canis familiaris)
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Rho GTPases, Miro GTPases and RHOBTB3 (Canis familiaris)
Signaling by Rho GTPases (Canis familiaris)
RHO GTPase Effectors (Canis familiaris)
RHO GTPases Activate NADPH Oxidases (Canis familiaris)
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX1 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX3 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Production of phagocyte oxygen radicals by NOX2 complex bound to RAC2:GTP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Canis familiaris)
Ion channel transport (Canis familiaris)
Ion transport by P-type ATPases (Canis familiaris)
ATP12A:ATP4B exchanges K+ for H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP4A:ATP4B exchanges K+ for H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Stimuli-sensing channels (Canis familiaris)
CLCN4/5/6 exchange Cl- for H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CLCN7:OSTM1 exchanges Cl- for H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9B1/C2 exchange Na+ for H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Iron uptake and transport (Canis familiaris)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Ferritin Complex oxidises 4Fe2+ to Fe(3+)O(OH) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Transferrin endocytosis and recycling (Canis familiaris)
Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Canis familiaris)
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes (Canis familiaris)
Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen (Canis familiaris)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ hydrate CO2 to HCO3- (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYB5Rs reduce MetHb to HbA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemoglobin A is protonated and carbamated causing release of oxygen (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide (Canis familiaris)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ dehydrate HCO3- to CO2 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemoglobin A binds O2, releasing H+ and CO2 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport (Canis familiaris)
Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds (Canis familiaris)
Inositol transporters (Canis familiaris)
HMIT co-transports myo-inositol with a proton (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
MATEs mediate extrusion of xenobiotics (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metal ion SLC transporters (Canis familiaris)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic cation/anion/zwitterion transport (Canis familiaris)
Organic cation transport (Canis familiaris)
SLC22A18 exchanges extracellular organic cations for cytosolic H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport (Canis familiaris)
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from cytosol to extracellular region (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC16A3,7,8 cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport (Canis familiaris)
RhBG mediates ammonium effflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
RhBG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium efflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides (Canis familiaris)
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane (Canis familiaris)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC38A3-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and alanine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC38A5-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and serine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Bicarbonate transporters (Canis familiaris)
Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger transport (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Multifunctional anion exchangers (Canis familiaris)
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic anion transporters (Canis familiaris)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC17A6,7,8 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (Canis familiaris)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton/oligopeptide cotransporters (Canis familiaris)
Proton-coupled histidine and di-peptide cotransport (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A1 transports di-/tri-peptides and peptide-like drugs (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC1A1,2,3,6,7 cotransport L-Glu,L-Asp,D-Asp,H+,3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Sodium/Proton exchangers (Canis familiaris)
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at cell membrane) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at trans-golgi membrane) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A6,7 exchange Na+ for H+ across the early endosome membrane (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A9 exchanges Na+ for H+ across the late endosome membrane (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transport (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Cellular responses to stimuli (Danio rerio)
Cellular responses to stress (Danio rerio)
Cellular response to chemical stress (Danio rerio)
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Danio rerio)
NOX2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (cytosol) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Drug ADME (Danio rerio)
Abacavir ADME (Danio rerio)
Abacavir metabolism (Danio rerio)
abacavir + 2 NAD+ => abacavir 5'-carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Atorvastatin ADME (Danio rerio)
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 2-OH-ATV (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 4-OH-ATV (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 2-OH-ATVL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 4-OH-ATVL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
PON1,3 hydrolyse ATVL to ATV (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Azathioprine ADME (Danio rerio)
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6MP, forming 6MeMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6TIMP, forming 6MeTIMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Ciprofloxacin ADME (Danio rerio)
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Paracetamol ADME (Danio rerio)
CYP2E1 monooxygenates APAP to NAPQI (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Prednisone ADME (Danio rerio)
CYP3A4 oxidizes PREDN,PREDL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B1 hydrogenates PREDN to PREDL in hepatic cell (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2 dehydrogenates PREDL to PREDN (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT2B7,2B17,1A3 glucuronidates PRED metabolites (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemostasis (Danio rerio)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation (Danio rerio)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Danio rerio)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Danio rerio)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (Danio rerio)
Platelet degranulation (Danio rerio)
ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Platelet homeostasis (Danio rerio)
Platelet calcium homeostasis (Danio rerio)
Reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels (Danio rerio)
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Immune System (Danio rerio)
Innate Immune System (Danio rerio)
Antimicrobial peptides (Danio rerio)
Ion influx/efflux at host-pathogen interface (Danio rerio)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ROS and RNS production in phagocytes (Danio rerio)
HV1-mediated H+ transfer (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX2 generates superoxide anion from oxygen (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism (Danio rerio)
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Danio rerio)
Pyruvate metabolism (Danio rerio)
HAGH hydrolyses (R)-S-LGSH to GSH and LACT (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer oxidises LACT to PYR (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer reduces PYR to LACT (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates OA to PYR (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Respiratory electron transport (Danio rerio)
Malate-aspartate shuttle (Danio rerio)
MDH1 reduces OA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Biological oxidations (Danio rerio)
Aflatoxin activation and detoxification (Danio rerio)
AKR dimers reduce AFBDHO to AFBDOH (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFM1 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2, 3A4 oxidise AFB1 to AFNBO (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2,3A4,3A5,2A13 oxidise AFB1 to AFXBO (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2A13 oxidises AFM1 to AFM1E (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4,5 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFQ1 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Danio rerio)
ALD3A1 oxidises 4HPCP to CXPA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type (Danio rerio)
Eicosanoids (Danio rerio)
CYP4F2, 4F3 20-hydroxylate LTB4 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4F22 20-hydroxylates TrXA3 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Endogenous sterols (Danio rerio)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1B1 4-hydroxylates EST17b (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Sterols are 12-hydroxylated by CYP8B1 (Danio rerio)
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,24(S)DIOL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,27DONE (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7aOLONE (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamins (Danio rerio)
CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP27B1 hydroxylates 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Ethanol oxidation (Danio rerio)
ADH5 oxidises S-HMGSH to S-FGSH (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ethanol + NAD+ => acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Danio rerio)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Danio rerio)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Danio rerio)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Danio rerio)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Danio rerio)
UDP-glucose is oxidised to UDP-glucuronate (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Methylation (Danio rerio)
TPMT transfers CH3 from AdoMet to 6MP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Inositol phosphate metabolism (Danio rerio)
Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol (Danio rerio)
MIOX oxidises Ins to GlcA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Danio rerio)
Aspartate and asparagine metabolism (Danio rerio)
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine synthesis (Danio rerio)
ALDH9A1 tetramer dehydrogenates TEABL to form TEABT (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Creatine metabolism (Danio rerio)
guanidinoacetate + S-adenosylmethionine => creatine + S-adenosylhomocysteine (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Danio rerio)
N-acetylaspartylglutamate synthase A ligates NAA, L-Glu forming NAAG (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
PYCR3 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amine-derived hormones (Danio rerio)
Serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
Methylation of N-acetyl-5-HT to form melatonin (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism (Danio rerio)
Phenylalanine metabolism (Danio rerio)
q-dihydrobiopterin + NADH + H+ => tetrahydrobiopterin + NAD+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Tyrosine catabolism (Danio rerio)
HGD dioxygenates homogentisate (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Danio rerio)
Selenocysteine synthesis (Danio rerio)
SEPHS2 phosphorylates H2Se to form SELP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Danio rerio)
BHMT2 tetramer transfers CH3 group from SMM to LHCYS (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine (Danio rerio)
ADO oxidises 2AET to HTAU (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
FMO1:FAD oxidizes HTAU to TAU (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Methionine salvage pathway (Danio rerio)
Acireductone is created (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Tryptophan catabolism (Danio rerio)
kynurenine + O2 + NADPH + H+ => 3-hydroxykynurenine + NADP+ + H2O (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Danio rerio)
Formation of xylulose-5-phosphate (Danio rerio)
AKR1A1 reduces D-glucuronate to L-gulonate (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CRYL1 dimer dehydrogenates L-gulonate to 3-dehydro-L-gulonate (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
DCXR tetramer reduces L-xylulose to xylitol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose metabolism (Danio rerio)
Fructose biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
AKR1B1 reduces Glc to D-sorbitol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose catabolism (Danio rerio)
GLYCTK phosphorylates DGA to 3PDGA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucose metabolism (Danio rerio)
Gluconeogenesis (Danio rerio)
GAPDH tetramers reduce 1,3BPG to GA3P (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycolysis (Danio rerio)
D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + orthophosphate + NAD+ <=> 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1,2,3,GCK,HKDC1 phosphorylate Glc to form G6P (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
PGM2L1:Mg2+ phosphorylates G6P to G1,6BP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Danio rerio)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Danio rerio)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Pentose phosphate pathway (Danio rerio)
6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ => D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
RBKS phosphorylates ribose to R5P (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Danio rerio)
Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) (Danio rerio)
Biosynthesis of DHA-derived SPMs (Danio rerio)
Biosynthesis of D-series resolvins (Danio rerio)
HPGD dimer oxidises RvD1 to 17(S)-oxo-RvD1 and 8-oxo-17(S)-RvD1 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of maresins (Danio rerio)
Biosynthesis of maresin-like SPMs (Danio rerio)
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to 14(R),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(R),21(S)-diHDHA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to 14(S),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(S),21(S)-diHDHA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYPs hydroxylate DHA to 14(R)-HDHA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of protectins (Danio rerio)
CYP1, CYP2 hydroxylate (N)PD1 to 22-OH-(N)PD1 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of Lipoxins (LX) (Danio rerio)
LXA4 is oxidised to 15k-LXA4 by HPGD (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acid metabolism (Danio rerio)
Arachidonate metabolism (Danio rerio)
PLA2G4A (cPLA2) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives (Danio rerio)
Arachidonate is oxidised to 15R-HETE by Acetyl-PTGS2 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX) (Danio rerio)
20cho-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cooh-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
20oh-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cho-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ALOX5 is phosphorylated by MAPKAP2 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4F2, 4F3 20-hydroxylate LTB4 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX) (Danio rerio)
PGE2 is converted to PGF2a by CBR1 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET) (Danio rerio)
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 11,12-EET by CYP(5) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 14,15-EET by CYP(5) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 5,6-EET by CYP(4) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 8,9-EET by CYP(5) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
Conversion of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to palmitate (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Danio rerio)
ELOVL1,2,3,5 elongate AA-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODCT-CoA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL3,6,7 elongate PALM-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3OOD-CoA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL7 elongates ICS-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODC-CoA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3,12 hydrogenates 3OOD-CoA to 3HODC-CoA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Ketone body metabolism (Danio rerio)
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Danio rerio)
BDH2 dehydrogenates 3HBA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Danio rerio)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Danio rerio)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Danio rerio)
Cholesterol is hydroxylated to 25-hydroxycholesterol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Danio rerio)
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,24(S)DIOL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,24(S)-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol (Danio rerio)
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,27DONE (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,27-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Danio rerio)
7alpha-hydroxycholesterol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7aOLONE (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol [TM7SF2] (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (zymosterone) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one is reduced to 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via desmosterol (Danio rerio)
Cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to desmosterol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol is desaturated to form cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via lathosterol (Danio rerio)
DHCR24 reduces ZYMOL to ZYMSTNL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR7 reduces 7-dehydroCHOL to CHOL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SC5D desaturates LTHSOL to 7-dehydroCHOL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR24 reduces LAN to 24,25-dhLAN (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCR dimer reduces bHMG-CoA to MVA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Squalene is oxidized to its epoxide (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Zymosterone (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one) is reduced to zymosterol (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroid hormones (Danio rerio)
Androgen biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates P4 to 17aHPROG (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPREG to DHA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPROG to ANDST (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3-like proteins reducde ANDST to TEST (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD2B1 dimer, HSD3B2 dimer isomerise DHA to ANDST (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A1 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A2 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A3 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Estrogen biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP19A1 hydroxylates TEST to EST17b (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B14 tetramer oxidises estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucocorticoid biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
17-Hydroxypregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione-17-ol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2,HSD11B1 dimer oxidise CORT to COR (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
Pregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
Reduction of isocaproaldehyde to 4-methylpentan-1-ol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism (Danio rerio)
CYP24A1 hydroxylates 1,25(OH)2D, inactivating it (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP27B1 hydroxylates 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Danio rerio)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
Synthesis of PA (Danio rerio)
DHAP is converted to G3P by GPD1/GPD1L (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid metabolism (Danio rerio)
Glycosphingolipid metabolism (Danio rerio)
Glycosphingolipid catabolism (Danio rerio)
SMPD2 and 3 hydrolyze sphingomyelin (plasma membrane) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD4 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (ER membrane) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid catabolism (Danio rerio)
ALDH3A2-1 oxidises HD2NAL to PALM (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B1 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B2 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
CSNK1G2 phosphorylates p-CERT1-2 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Ceramide synthases transfer acyl-CoA onto sphingoid (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS1 dehydrogenates dihydroceramide (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
PRKD1,2,3 phosphorylates CERT1-2 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SPTLC complexes transfer acyl-CoA onto serine (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax and plasmalogen biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
Plasmalogen biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
DHRS7B reduces GO3P to HXDG3P (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
FAR2 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation (Danio rerio)
eNOS activation (Danio rerio)
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Danio rerio)
Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Danio rerio)
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS2] (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS] (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
dCMP + H2O => dUMP + NH4+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine + ATP => GAR + ADP + Pi (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
AIR + CO2 => CAIR (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CAIR + Aspartate + ATP => SAICAR + ADP + Pi (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAM + ATP => AIR + ADP + Pi (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
GAR + 10-Formyl-THF => FGAR + THF (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + H2O + NAD+ => XMP + NADH + H+ [IMPDH1,2] (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS] (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide catabolism (Danio rerio)
Purine catabolism (Danio rerio)
Guanine + H2O => Xanthine + NH4+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Danio rerio)
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-ATP to 2-oxo-AMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-dATP to 2-oxo-dAMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dATP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-ATP to N6-methyl-AMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dATP to N6-methyl-dAMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes O6-methyl-dGTP to O6-methyl-dGMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-GDP to 8-oxo-GMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dADP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine catabolism (Danio rerio)
5,6-dihydrothymine + H2O => beta-ureidoisobutyrate (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O => beta-ureidopropionate (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidoisobutyrate + H2O => 3-aminoisobutyrate + NH4+ + CO2 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidopropionate + H2O => beta-alanine + NH4+ + CO2 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
thymine + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrothymine + NADP+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
uracil + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Danio rerio)
Purine salvage (Danio rerio)
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-AMP to IMP and methylamine (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dAMP to dIMP and methylamine (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
GMP + NADPH + H+ => IMP + NADP+ + NH4+ (GMPR,GMPR2) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of porphyrins (Danio rerio)
Heme biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
ALAD condenses 2 dALAs to form PBG (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO1 to COPRO1 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO3 to COPRO3 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Danio rerio)
Metabolism of cofactors (Danio rerio)
NADPH regeneration (Danio rerio)
isocitrate + NADP+ => 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation (Danio rerio)
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (Danio rerio)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Danio rerio)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Danio rerio)
Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport and metabolism (Danio rerio)
Cobalamin (Cbl) metabolism (Danio rerio)
Cob(I)alamin bound to MMACHC is oxidized to cob(II)alamin (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC dealkylates RCbl (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC decyanates CNCbl (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of folate and pterines (Danio rerio)
5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate + NADP+ <=> 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + NADPH + H+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH1L1 dehydrogenates 10-formyl-THFPG to THFPG (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
DHF is reduced to tetrahydrofolate (THF) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR dimer reduces FOLA to DHF (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR2 reduces FOLA to DHF (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFD1 dimer dehydrogenates 5,10-methenyl-THFPG to 5,10-methylene-THFPG (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFR dimer reduces 5,10-methylene-THFPG to 5-methyl-THFPG (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFS transforms 5-formyl-THFPG to 5,10-methenyl-THFPG (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Danio rerio)
NMRK2 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Danio rerio)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Danio rerio)
2xENPP1 hydrolyzes FAD to FMN (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Danio rerio)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY phosphorylates DP-CoA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
DCAKD phosphorylates DP-CoA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK1/3 phosphorylate PanK (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin C (ascorbate) metabolism (Danio rerio)
CYB5R3:FAD reduces CYB5A:ferriheme to CYB5A:heme (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (Danio rerio)
Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (cytosol) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (cytosol) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Danio rerio)
Post-translational protein modification (Danio rerio)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Danio rerio)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Danio rerio)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Danio rerio)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
TSTA3 dimer reduces GDP-KDGal to GDP-Fuc (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Sialic acid metabolism (Danio rerio)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GDP-mannose (Danio rerio)
GMPPB converts Mannose-1-phosphate to GDP-Mannose (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1 phosphorylates Mannose to Man6P (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation (Danio rerio)
Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine (Danio rerio)
DHPS tetramer synthesizes Dhp-K50-EIF5A from EIF5A and spermidine (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
DHPS tetramer synthesizes EIF5A and spermidine from Dhp-K50-EIF5A (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
DOHH:Fe2+ hydroxylates Dhp-K50-EIF5A to form Hyp-K50-EIF5A (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Muscle contraction (Danio rerio)
Cardiac conduction (Danio rerio)
Ion homeostasis (Danio rerio)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Danio rerio)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Danio rerio)
Neurotransmitter release cycle (Danio rerio)
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Danio rerio)
Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicles (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Danio rerio)
GABA synthesis (Danio rerio)
PXLP-K405-GAD1 decarboxylates L-Glu to form GABA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Danio rerio)
SLC1A1-3,6,7 exchange L-Glu, H+ and 3Na+ for K+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism In glial cells (Danio rerio)
Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism (Danio rerio)
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Sensory Perception (Danio rerio)
Visual phototransduction (Danio rerio)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Danio rerio)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision) (Danio rerio)
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH12 reduces atRAL to atROL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5 oxidises 11cROL to 11cRAL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
RPE65 isomero-hydrolyses atREs to 11cROL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
The retinoid cycle in cones (daylight vision) (Danio rerio)
atRAL is reduced to atROL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Danio rerio)
Signaling by GPCR (Danio rerio)
GPCR downstream signalling (Danio rerio)
G alpha (i) signalling events (Danio rerio)
Opioid Signalling (Danio rerio)
G-protein mediated events (Danio rerio)
PLC beta mediated events (Danio rerio)
Ca-dependent events (Danio rerio)
phospho-PLA2 pathway (Danio rerio)
PLA2G4A (cPLA2) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
G alpha (q) signalling events (Danio rerio)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Danio rerio)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Danio rerio)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (Danio rerio)
Signaling by Retinoic Acid (Danio rerio)
RA biosynthesis pathway (Danio rerio)
ADH1A,1C,4 oxidise atROL to atRAL in vitro (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH8A1 oxidises 9cRAL to 9cRA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDHs oxidise atRAL to atRA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP26A1,B1,C1 4-hydroxylate atRA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,16,DHRS9,RDHE2 oxidise atROL to atRAL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11,14,DHRS3,DRHS4 reduce atRAL to atROL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5,RDH11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (Danio rerio)
Signaling by Insulin receptor (Danio rerio)
Insulin receptor recycling (Danio rerio)
Endosome acidification (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by VEGF (Danio rerio)
VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway (Danio rerio)
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Rho GTPases, Miro GTPases and RHOBTB3 (Danio rerio)
Signaling by Rho GTPases (Danio rerio)
RHO GTPase Effectors (Danio rerio)
RHO GTPases Activate NADPH Oxidases (Danio rerio)
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX1 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX3 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Production of phagocyte oxygen radicals by NOX2 complex bound to RAC2:GTP (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Danio rerio)
Ion channel transport (Danio rerio)
Ion transport by P-type ATPases (Danio rerio)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Stimuli-sensing channels (Danio rerio)
CLCN4/5/6 exchange Cl- for H+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Iron uptake and transport (Danio rerio)
Ferritin Complex oxidises 4Fe2+ to Fe(3+)O(OH) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Transferrin endocytosis and recycling (Danio rerio)
Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Danio rerio)
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes (Danio rerio)
Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen (Danio rerio)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ hydrate CO2 to HCO3- (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CYB5Rs reduce MetHb to HbA (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemoglobin A is protonated and carbamated causing release of oxygen (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide (Danio rerio)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ dehydrate HCO3- to CO2 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemoglobin A binds O2, releasing H+ and CO2 (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport (Danio rerio)
Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds (Danio rerio)
MATEs mediate extrusion of xenobiotics (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Metal ion SLC transporters (Danio rerio)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic cation/anion/zwitterion transport (Danio rerio)
Organic cation transport (Danio rerio)
SLC22A18 exchanges extracellular organic cations for cytosolic H+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport (Danio rerio)
SLC16A3,7,8 cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport (Danio rerio)
RhBG mediates ammonium effflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
RhBG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium efflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides (Danio rerio)
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane (Danio rerio)
SLC38A5-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and serine (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Multifunctional anion exchangers (Danio rerio)
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic anion transporters (Danio rerio)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC17A6,7,8 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton/oligopeptide cotransporters (Danio rerio)
SLC25A1 transports di-/tri-peptides and peptide-like drugs (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC1A1,2,3,6,7 cotransport L-Glu,L-Asp,D-Asp,H+,3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Sodium/Proton exchangers (Danio rerio)
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at cell membrane) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at trans-golgi membrane) (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A6,7 exchange Na+ for H+ across the early endosome membrane (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transport (Danio rerio)
H+ [cytosol]
Cellular responses to stimuli (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Cellular responses to stress (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Cellular response to chemical stress (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Dictyostelium discoideum)
NOX4, NOX5 reduce O2 to O2.- (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (cytosol) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Drug ADME (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Abacavir ADME (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Abacavir metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
abacavir + 2 NAD+ => abacavir 5'-carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Atorvastatin ADME (Dictyostelium discoideum)
UGT1A3 lactonizes 2-OH-ATV to 2-OH-ATVL (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes 4-OH-ATV to 4-OH-ATVL (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes ATV to ATVL (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Azathioprine ADME (Dictyostelium discoideum)
GMPS dimer transforms 6TXMP to 6TGMP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH oxidises 6MP to 6TU (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Paracetamol ADME (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CYP2E1 monooxygenates APAP to NAPQI (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Prednisone ADME (Dictyostelium discoideum)
AKR1C1 hydrogenates PREDN,PREDL (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT2B7,2B17,1A3 glucuronidates PRED metabolites (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Gene expression (Transcription) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Generic Transcription Pathway (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes (Dictyostelium discoideum)
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Death Genes (Dictyostelium discoideum)
TP53 regulates transcription of several additional cell death genes whose specific roles in p53-dependent apoptosis remain uncertain (Dictyostelium discoideum)
TP53I3 oxidoreductase generates unstable semiquinones (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemostasis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Dictyostelium discoideum)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Platelet degranulation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Immune System (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Innate Immune System (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Antimicrobial peptides (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Ion influx/efflux at host-pathogen interface (Dictyostelium discoideum)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
ROS and RNS production in phagocytes (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Pyruvate metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
HAGH hydrolyses (R)-S-LGSH to GSH and LACT (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Respiratory electron transport (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Malate-aspartate shuttle (Dictyostelium discoideum)
MDH1 reduces OA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Biological oxidations (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Aflatoxin activation and detoxification (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CYP1A2,3A4,3A5,2A13 oxidise AFB1 to AFXBO (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2A13 oxidises AFM1 to AFM1E (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ALD3A1 oxidises 4HPCP to CXPA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Endogenous sterols (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamins (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Ethanol oxidation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ADH5 oxidises S-HMGSH to S-FGSH (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [cytosolic] (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
ethanol + NAD+ => acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Dictyostelium discoideum)
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Inositol phosphate metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
MIOX oxidises Ins to GlcA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Aspartate and asparagine metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
PYCR3 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine catabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CARNMT1 methylates CARN to Anserine (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amine-derived hormones (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Methylation of N-acetyl-5-HT to form melatonin (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Thyroxine biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Regulation of thyroid hormone activity (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Thyroxine is deiodinated to reverse triiodothyronine (RT3) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Thyroxine is deiodinated to triiodothyronine (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Phenylalanine metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
q-dihydrobiopterin + NADH + H+ => tetrahydrobiopterin + NAD+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Tyrosine catabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
FAH cleaves 4FAA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
HGD dioxygenates homogentisate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Selenocysteine synthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
SEPHS2 phosphorylates H2Se to form SELP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ADO oxidises 2AET to HTAU (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
FMO1:FAD oxidizes HTAU to TAU (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Methionine salvage pathway (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Acireductone is created (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Tryptophan catabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
kynurenine + O2 + NADPH + H+ => 3-hydroxykynurenine + NADP+ + H2O (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Formation of xylulose-5-phosphate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
AKR1A1 reduces D-glucuronate to L-gulonate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Fructose biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
AKR1B1 reduces Glc to D-sorbitol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose catabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ALDH1A1 oxidises GA to DGA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
KHK dimer phosphorylates Fru to Fru 1-P (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucose metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Gluconeogenesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
GAPDH tetramers reduce 1,3BPG to GA3P (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycolysis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + orthophosphate + NAD+ <=> 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
PGM2L1:Mg2+ phosphorylates G6P to G1,6BP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycogen metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Glycogen synthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Dictyostelium discoideum)
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Pentose phosphate pathway (Dictyostelium discoideum)
6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ => D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + H2O => 6-phospho-D-gluconate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
RBKS phosphorylates ribose to R5P (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Biosynthesis of DHA-derived SPMs (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Biosynthesis of maresins (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Biosynthesis of maresin-like SPMs (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to 14(R),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(R),21(S)-diHDHA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to 14(S),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(S),21(S)-diHDHA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
CYPs hydroxylate DHA to 14(R)-HDHA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acid metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Arachidonate metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
LTC4 is exported from the cytosol by ABCC1 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PGD2 is reduced to 11-epi-PGF2a by AKRIC3 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
PGH2 is reduced to PGF2a by AKR1C3 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 11,12-EET by CYP(5) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 14,15-EET by CYP(5) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 5,6-EET by CYP(4) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 8,9-EET by CYP(5) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine shuttle (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Btn-ACACB:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
pAMPK inactivates ACACB, inhibiting malonyl-CoA synthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Conversion of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to palmitate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Formation of Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA (liver) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD5 desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ELOVL1,2,3,5 elongate AA-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODCT-CoA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL3,6,7 elongate PALM-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3OOD-CoA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3,12 hydrogenates 3OOD-CoA to 3HODC-CoA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
TECR,TECRL dehydrogenate TOD-CoA to ST-CoA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Peroxisomal lipid metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Peroxisomal uptake of very long-chain fatty acyl CoA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Cholesterol is hydroxylated to 25-hydroxycholesterol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol [TM7SF2] (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (zymosterone) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCR dimer reduces bHMG-CoA to MVA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCS1 condenses Ac-CoA and ACA-CoA to form bHMG-CoA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Squalene is oxidized to its epoxide (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroid hormones (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Androgen biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
HSD17B3-like proteins reducde ANDST to TEST (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A3 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Estrogen biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
HSD17B1 hydrogenates E1 to EST17b (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucocorticoid biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CYP21A2 oxidises 17HPROG (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Reduction of isocaproaldehyde to 4-methylpentan-1-ol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Glycosphingolipid metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Glycosphingolipid catabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ENPP7 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD2 and 3 hydrolyze sphingomyelin (plasma membrane) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid catabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ALDH3A2-1 oxidises HD2NAL to PALM (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B1 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B2 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ABCC1,ABCG2 transport C18-S1P to extracellular region (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Ceramide synthases transfer acyl-CoA onto sphingoid (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS1 dehydrogenates dihydroceramide (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS2 oxygenates dihydroceramide (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
FA2H hydroxylates 1,2-saturated fatty acids (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
KDSR reduces 3-ketosphingoid (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK1 phosphorylates sphingoid (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK2 phosphorylates sphingoid (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax and plasmalogen biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Wax biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
FAR1 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
FAR2 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
eNOS activation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Depalmitoylation of eNOS (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Uncoupled eNOS favours the formation of superoxide (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Dictyostelium discoideum)
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS2] (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS] (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine + ATP => GAR + ADP + Pi (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAM + ATP => AIR + ADP + Pi (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => FGAM + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
GAR + 10-Formyl-THF => FGAR + THF (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + H2O + NAD+ => XMP + NADH + H+ [IMPDH1,2] (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS] (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CAD hexamer dehydrates N-carb-L-Asp to (S)-DHO (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms CAP to N-carb-L-Asp (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms L-Gln to CAP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
UMPS dimer decarboxylates OMP to UMP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide catabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Purine catabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Guanine + H2O => Xanthine + NH4+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates hypoxanthine to form xanthine (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates xanthine to form urate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine catabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
5,6-dihydrothymine + H2O => beta-ureidoisobutyrate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O => beta-ureidopropionate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidoisobutyrate + H2O => 3-aminoisobutyrate + NH4+ + CO2 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidopropionate + H2O => beta-alanine + NH4+ + CO2 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
thymine + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrothymine + NADP+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
uracil + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of porphyrins (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Heme biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
ALAD condenses 2 dALAs to form PBG (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO1 to COPRO1 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO3 to COPRO3 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Metabolism of cofactors (Dictyostelium discoideum)
NADPH regeneration (Dictyostelium discoideum)
isocitrate + NADP+ => 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport and metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Cobalamin (Cbl) metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Cob(I)alamin bound to MMACHC is oxidized to cob(II)alamin (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC dealkylates RCbl (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC decyanates CNCbl (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
MTRR reduces cob(II)alamin to meCbl (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of folate and pterines (Dictyostelium discoideum)
5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate + NADP+ <=> 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + NADPH + H+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
DHF is reduced to tetrahydrofolate (THF) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR dimer reduces FOLA to DHF (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR2 reduces FOLA to DHF (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFD1 dimer dehydrogenates 5,10-methenyl-THFPG to 5,10-methylene-THFPG (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFR dimer reduces 5,10-methylene-THFPG to 5-methyl-THFPG (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
NMRK1 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK1 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Dictyostelium discoideum)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
QPRT transfers PRIB to QUIN to form NAMN (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
2xENPP1 hydrolyzes FAD to FMN (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
3xPPCDC:3FMN decarboxylates PPC (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY phosphorylates DP-CoA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin C (ascorbate) metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CYB5R3:FAD reduces CYB5A:ferriheme to CYB5A:heme (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Post-translational protein modification (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
TSTA3 dimer reduces GDP-KDGal to GDP-Fuc (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Sialic acid metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GDP-mannose (Dictyostelium discoideum)
GMPPB converts Mannose-1-phosphate to GDP-Mannose (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine (Dictyostelium discoideum)
DHPS tetramer synthesizes Dhp-K50-EIF5A from EIF5A and spermidine (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
DHPS tetramer synthesizes EIF5A and spermidine from Dhp-K50-EIF5A (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
DOHH:Fe2+ hydroxylates Dhp-K50-EIF5A to form Hyp-K50-EIF5A (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Signaling by GPCR (Dictyostelium discoideum)
GPCR downstream signalling (Dictyostelium discoideum)
G alpha (q) signalling events (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Dictyostelium discoideum)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ESR-mediated signaling (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling (Dictyostelium discoideum)
eNOS synthesizes NO (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Retinoic Acid (Dictyostelium discoideum)
RA biosynthesis pathway (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ADH1A,1C,4 oxidise atROL to atRAL in vitro (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
AKR1C3 reduces atRAL to atROL (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH8A1 oxidises 9cRAL to 9cRA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDHs oxidise atRAL to atRA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11,14,DHRS3,DRHS4 reduce atRAL to atROL (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Signaling by Insulin receptor (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Insulin receptor recycling (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Endosome acidification (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by VEGF (Dictyostelium discoideum)
VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway (Dictyostelium discoideum)
VEGFR2 mediated vascular permeability (Dictyostelium discoideum)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Ion channel transport (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Stimuli-sensing channels (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CLCN4/5/6 exchange Cl- for H+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Iron uptake and transport (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Transferrin endocytosis and recycling (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Inositol transporters (Dictyostelium discoideum)
HMIT co-transports myo-inositol with a proton (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
MATEs mediate extrusion of xenobiotics (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metal ion SLC transporters (Dictyostelium discoideum)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport (Dictyostelium discoideum)
RhBG mediates ammonium effflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
RhBG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium efflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane (Dictyostelium discoideum)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Multifunctional anion exchangers (Dictyostelium discoideum)
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic anion transporters (Dictyostelium discoideum)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC17A6,7,8 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (Dictyostelium discoideum)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton/oligopeptide cotransporters (Dictyostelium discoideum)
SLC25A1 transports di-/tri-peptides and peptide-like drugs (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Sodium/Proton exchangers (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at cell membrane) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at trans-golgi membrane) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A6,7 exchange Na+ for H+ across the early endosome membrane (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A9 exchanges Na+ for H+ across the late endosome membrane (Dictyostelium discoideum)
H+ [cytosol]
Cellular responses to stimuli (Drosophila melanogaster)
Cellular responses to stress (Drosophila melanogaster)
Cellular response to chemical stress (Drosophila melanogaster)
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Drosophila melanogaster)
NOX4, NOX5 reduce O2 to O2.- (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (cytosol) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway (Drosophila melanogaster)
Nuclear events mediated by NFE2L2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
NFE2L2 regulating anti-oxidant/detoxification enzymes (Drosophila melanogaster)
SRXN1 reduces hyperoxidized PRDX1 dimer (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Drug ADME (Drosophila melanogaster)
Abacavir ADME (Drosophila melanogaster)
Abacavir metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
abacavir + 2 NAD+ => abacavir 5'-carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Aspirin ADME (Drosophila melanogaster)
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Azathioprine ADME (Drosophila melanogaster)
GMPS dimer transforms 6TXMP to 6TGMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH oxidises 6MP to 6TU (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Ciprofloxacin ADME (Drosophila melanogaster)
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Paracetamol ADME (Drosophila melanogaster)
CYP2E1 monooxygenates APAP to NAPQI (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Prednisone ADME (Drosophila melanogaster)
AKR1C1 hydrogenates PREDN,PREDL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2 dehydrogenates PREDL to PREDN (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT2B7,2B17,1A3 glucuronidates PRED metabolites (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Gene expression (Transcription) (Drosophila melanogaster)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)
Generic Transcription Pathway (Drosophila melanogaster)
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 (Drosophila melanogaster)
TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes (Drosophila melanogaster)
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemostasis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation (Drosophila melanogaster)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Drosophila melanogaster)
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
Platelet degranulation (Drosophila melanogaster)
ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Platelet homeostasis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Platelet calcium homeostasis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels (Drosophila melanogaster)
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Immune System (Drosophila melanogaster)
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Drosophila melanogaster)
Interferon Signaling (Drosophila melanogaster)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Drosophila melanogaster)
OAS antiviral response (Drosophila melanogaster)
PDE12 cleaves 2'-5' oligoadenylates (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Innate Immune System (Drosophila melanogaster)
Antimicrobial peptides (Drosophila melanogaster)
Ion influx/efflux at host-pathogen interface (Drosophila melanogaster)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ROS and RNS production in phagocytes (Drosophila melanogaster)
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Drosophila melanogaster)
Pyruvate metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
HAGH hydrolyses (R)-S-LGSH to GSH and LACT (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer oxidises LACT to PYR (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer reduces PYR to LACT (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates OA to PYR (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Respiratory electron transport (Drosophila melanogaster)
Malate-aspartate shuttle (Drosophila melanogaster)
MDH1 reduces OA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Biological oxidations (Drosophila melanogaster)
Aflatoxin activation and detoxification (Drosophila melanogaster)
CYP1A2,3A4,3A5,2A13 oxidise AFB1 to AFXBO (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2A13 oxidises AFM1 to AFM1E (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Drosophila melanogaster)
ALD3A1 oxidises 4HPCP to CXPA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type (Drosophila melanogaster)
Endogenous sterols (Drosophila melanogaster)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamins (Drosophila melanogaster)
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Ethanol oxidation (Drosophila melanogaster)
ADH5 oxidises S-HMGSH to S-FGSH (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [cytosolic] (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ethanol + NAD+ => acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Drosophila melanogaster)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Drosophila melanogaster)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Drosophila melanogaster)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Drosophila melanogaster)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Drosophila melanogaster)
UDP-glucose is oxidised to UDP-glucuronate (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Inositol phosphate metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
MIOX oxidises Ins to GlcA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Drosophila melanogaster)
Aspartate and asparagine metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
PXLP-K333-GADL1 decarboxylates acidic AAs (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine catabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
CARNMT1 methylates CARN to Anserine (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine is decarboxylated to histamine (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Phenylalanine metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
q-dihydrobiopterin + NADH + H+ => tetrahydrobiopterin + NAD+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Tyrosine catabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
FAH cleaves 4FAA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
HGD dioxygenates homogentisate (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Selenocysteine synthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
SEPHS2 phosphorylates H2Se to form SELP (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Serine biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
PHGDH tetramer dehydrogenates 3PG (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine (Drosophila melanogaster)
ADO oxidises 2AET to HTAU (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Methionine salvage pathway (Drosophila melanogaster)
Acireductone is created (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Tryptophan catabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
kynurenine + O2 + NADPH + H+ => 3-hydroxykynurenine + NADP+ + H2O (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Drosophila melanogaster)
Formation of xylulose-5-phosphate (Drosophila melanogaster)
AKR1A1 reduces D-glucuronate to L-gulonate (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
CRYL1 dimer dehydrogenates L-gulonate to 3-dehydro-L-gulonate (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
DCXR tetramer reduces L-xylulose to xylitol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD tetramer oxidizes xylitol to D-xylulose (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Fructose biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
AKR1B1 reduces Glc to D-sorbitol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD oxidizes D-sorbitol to Fru (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose catabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
ALDH1A1 oxidises GA to DGA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
GLYCTK phosphorylates DGA to 3PDGA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
KHK dimer phosphorylates Fru to Fru 1-P (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucose metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Gluconeogenesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
GAPDH tetramers reduce 1,3BPG to GA3P (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycolysis (Drosophila melanogaster)
D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + orthophosphate + NAD+ <=> 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1,2,3,GCK,HKDC1 phosphorylate Glc to form G6P (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
PGM2L1:Mg2+ phosphorylates G6P to G1,6BP (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycogen metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Glycogen synthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Drosophila melanogaster)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Pentose phosphate pathway (Drosophila melanogaster)
6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ => D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + H2O => 6-phospho-D-gluconate (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
RBKS phosphorylates ribose to R5P (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Drosophila melanogaster)
Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) (Drosophila melanogaster)
Biosynthesis of DHA-derived SPMs (Drosophila melanogaster)
Biosynthesis of D-series resolvins (Drosophila melanogaster)
HPGD dimer oxidises RvD1 to 17(S)-oxo-RvD1 and 8-oxo-17(S)-RvD1 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of maresins (Drosophila melanogaster)
Biosynthesis of maresin-like SPMs (Drosophila melanogaster)
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to 14(R),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(R),21(S)-diHDHA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to 14(S),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(S),21(S)-diHDHA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
CYPs hydroxylate DHA to 14(R)-HDHA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of Lipoxins (LX) (Drosophila melanogaster)
LXA4 is oxidised to 15k-LXA4 by HPGD (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acid metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Arachidonate metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX) (Drosophila melanogaster)
LTC4 is exported from the cytosol by ABCC1 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX) (Drosophila melanogaster)
PGD2 is reduced to 11-epi-PGF2a by AKRIC3 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
PGH2 is reduced to PGF2a by AKR1C3 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET) (Drosophila melanogaster)
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 11,12-EET by CYP(5) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 14,15-EET by CYP(5) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 5,6-EET by CYP(4) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 8,9-EET by CYP(5) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine shuttle (Drosophila melanogaster)
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Btn-ACACB:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
pAMPK inactivates ACACB, inhibiting malonyl-CoA synthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Conversion of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to palmitate (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Formation of Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA (liver) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD5 desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Drosophila melanogaster)
ELOVL1,2,3,5 elongate AA-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODCT-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL3,6,7 elongate PALM-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3OOD-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL7 elongates ICS-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODC-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3,12 hydrogenates 3OOD-CoA to 3HODC-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
TECR,TECRL dehydrogenate TOD-CoA to ST-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Peroxisomal lipid metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (Drosophila melanogaster)
Peroxisomal uptake of very long-chain fatty acyl CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Drosophila melanogaster)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Drosophila melanogaster)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Drosophila melanogaster)
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol (Drosophila melanogaster)
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Drosophila melanogaster)
4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol [TM7SF2] (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCR dimer reduces bHMG-CoA to MVA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCS1 condenses Ac-CoA and ACA-CoA to form bHMG-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroid hormones (Drosophila melanogaster)
Androgen biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
HSD17B3-like proteins reducde ANDST to TEST (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A3 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Estrogen biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP19A1 hydroxylates TEST to EST17b (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B11 dehydrogenates EST17b to E1 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B2 oxidises estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucocorticoid biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
HSD11B2,HSD11B1 dimer oxidise CORT to COR (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Reduction of isocaproaldehyde to 4-methylpentan-1-ol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Synthesis of PA (Drosophila melanogaster)
DHAP is converted to G3P by GPD1/GPD1L (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Glycosphingolipid metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
CERK phosphorylates CERA to form C1P (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosphingolipid catabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
SMPD2 and 3 hydrolyze sphingomyelin (plasma membrane) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD4 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (ER membrane) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid catabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
ALDH3A2-1 oxidises HD2NAL to PALM (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B1 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B2 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
ABCC1,ABCG2 transport C18-S1P to extracellular region (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
CSNK1G2 phosphorylates p-CERT1-2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Ceramide synthases transfer acyl-CoA onto sphingoid (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS1 dehydrogenates dihydroceramide (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS2 oxygenates dihydroceramide (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
FA2H hydroxylates 1,2-saturated fatty acids (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
KDSR reduces 3-ketosphingoid (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
PRKD1,2,3 phosphorylates CERT1-2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK1 phosphorylates sphingoid (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK2 phosphorylates sphingoid (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SPTLC complexes transfer acyl-CoA onto serine (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax and plasmalogen biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Plasmalogen biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
DHRS7B reduces GO3P to HXDG3P (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
FAR1 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
FAR2 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation (Drosophila melanogaster)
eNOS activation (Drosophila melanogaster)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Depalmitoylation of eNOS (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Uncoupled eNOS favours the formation of superoxide (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Drosophila melanogaster)
Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Drosophila melanogaster)
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS2] (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS] (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine + ATP => GAR + ADP + Pi (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
AIR + CO2 => CAIR (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
CAIR + Aspartate + ATP => SAICAR + ADP + Pi (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAM + ATP => AIR + ADP + Pi (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => FGAM + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
GAR + 10-Formyl-THF => FGAR + THF (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + H2O + NAD+ => XMP + NADH + H+ [IMPDH1,2] (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS] (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
CAD hexamer dehydrates N-carb-L-Asp to (S)-DHO (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms CAP to N-carb-L-Asp (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms L-Gln to CAP (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
UMPS dimer decarboxylates OMP to UMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide catabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Purine catabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Guanine + H2O => Xanthine + NH4+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Drosophila melanogaster)
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-GDP to 8-oxo-GMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dADP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates hypoxanthine to form xanthine (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates xanthine to form urate (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine catabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
5,6-dihydrothymine + H2O => beta-ureidoisobutyrate (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O => beta-ureidopropionate (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidoisobutyrate + H2O => 3-aminoisobutyrate + NH4+ + CO2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidopropionate + H2O => beta-alanine + NH4+ + CO2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
thymine + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrothymine + NADP+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
uracil + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Drosophila melanogaster)
Purine salvage (Drosophila melanogaster)
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-AMP to IMP and methylamine (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dAMP to dIMP and methylamine (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of porphyrins (Drosophila melanogaster)
Heme biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ALAD condenses 2 dALAs to form PBG (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO1 to COPRO1 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO3 to COPRO3 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Drosophila melanogaster)
Metabolism of cofactors (Drosophila melanogaster)
NADPH regeneration (Drosophila melanogaster)
isocitrate + NADP+ => 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation (Drosophila melanogaster)
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (Drosophila melanogaster)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Drosophila melanogaster)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Drosophila melanogaster)
Metabolism of folate and pterines (Drosophila melanogaster)
5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate + NADP+ <=> 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + NADPH + H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH1L1 dehydrogenates 10-formyl-THFPG to THFPG (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
DHF is reduced to tetrahydrofolate (THF) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR dimer reduces FOLA to DHF (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR2 reduces FOLA to DHF (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFD1 dimer dehydrogenates 5,10-methenyl-THFPG to 5,10-methylene-THFPG (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFR dimer reduces 5,10-methylene-THFPG to 5-methyl-THFPG (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFS transforms 5-formyl-THFPG to 5,10-methenyl-THFPG (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
NMRK1 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK1 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Drosophila melanogaster)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
RFK:Mg2+ phosphorylates RIB (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
3xPPCDC:3FMN decarboxylates PPC (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
DCAKD phosphorylates DP-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK1/3 phosphorylate PanK (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK2 phosphorylates PanK (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin C (ascorbate) metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
CYB5R3:FAD reduces CYB5A:ferriheme to CYB5A:heme (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (Drosophila melanogaster)
Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (cytosol) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (cytosol) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Drosophila melanogaster)
Post-translational protein modification (Drosophila melanogaster)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Drosophila melanogaster)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Drosophila melanogaster)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
TSTA3 dimer reduces GDP-KDGal to GDP-Fuc (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Sialic acid metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GDP-mannose (Drosophila melanogaster)
GMPPB converts Mannose-1-phosphate to GDP-Mannose (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1 phosphorylates Mannose to Man6P (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Drosophila melanogaster)
NAGK dimer phosphorylates GlcNAc, GlcNGc to GlcNAc-6-P, GlcNGc-6-P (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation (Drosophila melanogaster)
Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine (Drosophila melanogaster)
DHPS tetramer synthesizes Dhp-K50-EIF5A from EIF5A and spermidine (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
DHPS tetramer synthesizes EIF5A and spermidine from Dhp-K50-EIF5A (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
DOHH:Fe2+ hydroxylates Dhp-K50-EIF5A to form Hyp-K50-EIF5A (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Muscle contraction (Drosophila melanogaster)
Cardiac conduction (Drosophila melanogaster)
Ion homeostasis (Drosophila melanogaster)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Drosophila melanogaster)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Drosophila melanogaster)
Neurotransmitter release cycle (Drosophila melanogaster)
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Drosophila melanogaster)
Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicles (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Drosophila melanogaster)
GABA synthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
PXLP-K405-GAD1 decarboxylates L-Glu to form GABA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GABA by GAD2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Drosophila melanogaster)
SLC1A1-3,6,7 exchange L-Glu, H+ and 3Na+ for K+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism In glial cells (Drosophila melanogaster)
Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Sensory Perception (Drosophila melanogaster)
Visual phototransduction (Drosophila melanogaster)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Drosophila melanogaster)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision) (Drosophila melanogaster)
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH12 reduces atRAL to atROL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
RPE65 isomero-hydrolyses atREs to 11cROL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
The retinoid cycle in cones (daylight vision) (Drosophila melanogaster)
atRAL is reduced to atROL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Drosophila melanogaster)
Signaling by GPCR (Drosophila melanogaster)
GPCR downstream signalling (Drosophila melanogaster)
G alpha (q) signalling events (Drosophila melanogaster)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Drosophila melanogaster)
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (Drosophila melanogaster)
ESR-mediated signaling (Drosophila melanogaster)
Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling (Drosophila melanogaster)
eNOS synthesizes NO (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Retinoic Acid (Drosophila melanogaster)
RA biosynthesis pathway (Drosophila melanogaster)
ADH1A,1C,4 oxidise atROL to atRAL in vitro (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
AKR1C3 reduces atRAL to atROL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDHs oxidise atRAL to atRA (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,16,DHRS9,RDHE2 oxidise atROL to atRAL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11,14,DHRS3,DRHS4 reduce atRAL to atROL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5,RDH11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (Drosophila melanogaster)
Signaling by Insulin receptor (Drosophila melanogaster)
Insulin receptor recycling (Drosophila melanogaster)
Endosome acidification (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by VEGF (Drosophila melanogaster)
VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway (Drosophila melanogaster)
VEGFR2 mediated vascular permeability (Drosophila melanogaster)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Drosophila melanogaster)
Ion channel transport (Drosophila melanogaster)
Ion transport by P-type ATPases (Drosophila melanogaster)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Stimuli-sensing channels (Drosophila melanogaster)
CLCN4/5/6 exchange Cl- for H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
CLCN7:OSTM1 exchanges Cl- for H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9B1/C2 exchange Na+ for H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Iron uptake and transport (Drosophila melanogaster)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Ferritin Complex oxidises 4Fe2+ to Fe(3+)O(OH) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Transferrin endocytosis and recycling (Drosophila melanogaster)
Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Drosophila melanogaster)
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes (Drosophila melanogaster)
Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen (Drosophila melanogaster)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ hydrate CO2 to HCO3- (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide (Drosophila melanogaster)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ dehydrate HCO3- to CO2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport (Drosophila melanogaster)
Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds (Drosophila melanogaster)
Metal ion SLC transporters (Drosophila melanogaster)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport (Drosophila melanogaster)
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from cytosol to extracellular region (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC16A3,7,8 cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport (Drosophila melanogaster)
RhBG mediates ammonium effflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
RhBG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium efflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides (Drosophila melanogaster)
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC38A3-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and alanine (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC38A5-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and serine (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Bicarbonate transporters (Drosophila melanogaster)
Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger transport (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Multifunctional anion exchangers (Drosophila melanogaster)
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic anion transporters (Drosophila melanogaster)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC17A6,7,8 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (Drosophila melanogaster)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton/oligopeptide cotransporters (Drosophila melanogaster)
SLC25A1 transports di-/tri-peptides and peptide-like drugs (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC1A1,2,3,6,7 cotransport L-Glu,L-Asp,D-Asp,H+,3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Sodium/Proton exchangers (Drosophila melanogaster)
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at cell membrane) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at trans-golgi membrane) (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A6,7 exchange Na+ for H+ across the early endosome membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A9 exchanges Na+ for H+ across the late endosome membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transport (Drosophila melanogaster)
H+ [cytosol]
Cellular responses to stimuli (Gallus gallus)
Cellular responses to stress (Gallus gallus)
Cellular response to chemical stress (Gallus gallus)
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Gallus gallus)
NOX2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX4, NOX5 reduce O2 to O2.- (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (cytosol) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway (Gallus gallus)
Nuclear events mediated by NFE2L2 (Gallus gallus)
NFE2L2 regulating anti-oxidant/detoxification enzymes (Gallus gallus)
SRXN1 reduces hyperoxidized PRDX1 dimer (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Drug ADME (Gallus gallus)
Abacavir ADME (Gallus gallus)
Abacavir metabolism (Gallus gallus)
abacavir + 2 NAD+ => abacavir 5'-carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Aspirin ADME (Gallus gallus)
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Atorvastatin ADME (Gallus gallus)
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 2-OH-ATV (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 4-OH-ATV (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 2-OH-ATVL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 4-OH-ATVL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
PON1,3 hydrolyse ATVL to ATV (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes 2-OH-ATV to 2-OH-ATVL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes 4-OH-ATV to 4-OH-ATVL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes ATV to ATVL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Azathioprine ADME (Gallus gallus)
GMPS dimer transforms 6TXMP to 6TGMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6MP, forming 6MeMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6TIMP, forming 6MeTIMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH oxidises 6MP to 6TU (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ciprofloxacin ADME (Gallus gallus)
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Paracetamol ADME (Gallus gallus)
CYP2E1 monooxygenates APAP to NAPQI (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Prednisone ADME (Gallus gallus)
CYP3A4 oxidizes PREDN,PREDL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B1 hydrogenates PREDN to PREDL in hepatic cell (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2 dehydrogenates PREDL to PREDN (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT2B7,2B17,1A3 glucuronidates PRED metabolites (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Gene expression (Transcription) (Gallus gallus)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription (Gallus gallus)
Generic Transcription Pathway (Gallus gallus)
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 (Gallus gallus)
TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes (Gallus gallus)
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Death Genes (Gallus gallus)
TP53 regulates transcription of several additional cell death genes whose specific roles in p53-dependent apoptosis remain uncertain (Gallus gallus)
TP53I3 oxidoreductase generates unstable semiquinones (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemostasis (Gallus gallus)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation (Gallus gallus)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Gallus gallus)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Gallus gallus)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (Gallus gallus)
Platelet degranulation (Gallus gallus)
ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Platelet homeostasis (Gallus gallus)
Platelet calcium homeostasis (Gallus gallus)
Reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels (Gallus gallus)
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Immune System (Gallus gallus)
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Gallus gallus)
Interferon Signaling (Gallus gallus)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Gallus gallus)
OAS antiviral response (Gallus gallus)
PDE12 cleaves 2'-5' oligoadenylates (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Innate Immune System (Gallus gallus)
Antimicrobial peptides (Gallus gallus)
Ion influx/efflux at host-pathogen interface (Gallus gallus)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ROS and RNS production in phagocytes (Gallus gallus)
HV1-mediated H+ transfer (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX2 generates superoxide anion from oxygen (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Gallus gallus)
Pyruvate metabolism (Gallus gallus)
HAGH hydrolyses (R)-S-LGSH to GSH and LACT (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer oxidises LACT to PYR (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer reduces PYR to LACT (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates OA to PYR (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Gallus gallus)
NEK1 phosphorylates ME1 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Respiratory electron transport (Gallus gallus)
Malate-aspartate shuttle (Gallus gallus)
MDH1 reduces OA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Biological oxidations (Gallus gallus)
Aflatoxin activation and detoxification (Gallus gallus)
AKR dimers reduce AFBDHO to AFBDOH (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFM1 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2, 3A4 oxidise AFB1 to AFNBO (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2,3A4,3A5,2A13 oxidise AFB1 to AFXBO (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4,5 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFQ1 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Gallus gallus)
ALD3A1 oxidises 4HPCP to CXPA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type (Gallus gallus)
Endogenous sterols (Gallus gallus)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1B1 4-hydroxylates EST17b (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP39A1 7-hydroxylates 24OH-CHOL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7A1 7-hydroxylates CHOL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7B1 7-hydroxylates 25OH-CHOL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamins (Gallus gallus)
CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ethanol oxidation (Gallus gallus)
ADH5 oxidises S-HMGSH to S-FGSH (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [cytosolic] (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ethanol + NAD+ => acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Gallus gallus)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Gallus gallus)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Gallus gallus)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Gallus gallus)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Gallus gallus)
UDP-glucose is oxidised to UDP-glucuronate (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Methylation (Gallus gallus)
TPMT transfers CH3 from AdoMet to 6MP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Inositol phosphate metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol (Gallus gallus)
MIOX oxidises Ins to GlcA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Gallus gallus)
Aspartate and asparagine metabolism (Gallus gallus)
PXLP-K333-GADL1 decarboxylates acidic AAs (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine synthesis (Gallus gallus)
ALDH9A1 tetramer dehydrogenates TEABL to form TEABT (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Creatine metabolism (Gallus gallus)
guanidinoacetate + S-adenosylmethionine => creatine + S-adenosylhomocysteine (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Gallus gallus)
N-acetylaspartylglutamate synthase A ligates NAA, L-Glu forming NAAG (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
PYCR3 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine catabolism (Gallus gallus)
CARNMT1 methylates CARN to Anserine (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CARNS1 transforms ATP, L-His, b-Ala to CARN (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine is decarboxylated to histamine (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amine-derived hormones (Gallus gallus)
Catecholamine biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
Noradrenaline is converted to adrenaline (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
Methylation of N-acetyl-5-HT to form melatonin (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Thyroxine biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
Regulation of thyroid hormone activity (Gallus gallus)
Thyroxine is deiodinated to triiodothyronine (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Phenylalanine metabolism (Gallus gallus)
q-dihydrobiopterin + NADH + H+ => tetrahydrobiopterin + NAD+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Tyrosine catabolism (Gallus gallus)
FAH cleaves 4FAA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
HGD dioxygenates homogentisate (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Metabolism of ingested MeSeO2H into MeSeH (Gallus gallus)
MeSeO2H is reduced to MeSeOH by TXNRD1 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
MeSeOH is reduced to MeSeH by TXNRD1 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Gallus gallus)
BHMT2 tetramer transfers CH3 group from SMM to LHCYS (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Methionine salvage pathway (Gallus gallus)
Acireductone is created (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Tryptophan catabolism (Gallus gallus)
kynurenine + O2 + NADPH + H+ => 3-hydroxykynurenine + NADP+ + H2O (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Gallus gallus)
Formation of xylulose-5-phosphate (Gallus gallus)
AKR1A1 reduces D-glucuronate to L-gulonate (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CRYL1 dimer dehydrogenates L-gulonate to 3-dehydro-L-gulonate (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
DCXR tetramer reduces L-xylulose to xylitol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD tetramer oxidizes xylitol to D-xylulose (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Fructose biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
AKR1B1 reduces Glc to D-sorbitol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD oxidizes D-sorbitol to Fru (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose catabolism (Gallus gallus)
ALDH1A1 oxidises GA to DGA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
GLYCTK phosphorylates DGA to 3PDGA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
KHK dimer phosphorylates Fru to Fru 1-P (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucose metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Gluconeogenesis (Gallus gallus)
GAPDH tetramers reduce 1,3BPG to GA3P (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycolysis (Gallus gallus)
D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + orthophosphate + NAD+ <=> 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1,2,3,GCK,HKDC1 phosphorylate Glc to form G6P (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
PGM2L1:Mg2+ phosphorylates G6P to G1,6BP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycogen metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Glycogen synthesis (Gallus gallus)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Gallus gallus)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pentose phosphate pathway (Gallus gallus)
6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ => D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + H2O => 6-phospho-D-gluconate (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
RBKS phosphorylates ribose to R5P (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SHPK phosphorylates Sedo to Sedo7P (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Gallus gallus)
Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) (Gallus gallus)
Biosynthesis of DHA-derived SPMs (Gallus gallus)
Biosynthesis of D-series resolvins (Gallus gallus)
HPGD dimer oxidises RvD1 to 17(S)-oxo-RvD1 and 8-oxo-17(S)-RvD1 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of maresins (Gallus gallus)
Biosynthesis of maresin-like SPMs (Gallus gallus)
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to 14(R),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(R),21(S)-diHDHA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to 14(S),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(S),21(S)-diHDHA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYPs hydroxylate DHA to 14(R)-HDHA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of protectins (Gallus gallus)
CYP1, CYP2 hydroxylate (N)PD1 to 22-OH-(N)PD1 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of Lipoxins (LX) (Gallus gallus)
LXA4 is oxidised to 15k-LXA4 by HPGD (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acid metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Arachidonate metabolism (Gallus gallus)
PLA2G4A (cPLA2) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives (Gallus gallus)
Arachidonate is oxidised to 15R-HETE by Acetyl-PTGS2 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX) (Gallus gallus)
ALOX5 is phosphorylated by MAPKAP2 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
LTC4 is exported from the cytosol by ABCC1 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX) (Gallus gallus)
PGE2 is converted to PGF2a by CBR1 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET) (Gallus gallus)
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 11,12-EET by CYP(5) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 14,15-EET by CYP(5) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 5,6-EET by CYP(4) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 8,9-EET by CYP(5) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine shuttle (Gallus gallus)
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
Conversion of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to palmitate (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Formation of Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA (liver) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD5 desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Gallus gallus)
ELOVL1,2,3,5 elongate AA-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODCT-CoA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL3,6,7 elongate PALM-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3OOD-CoA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL7 elongates ICS-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODC-CoA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3,12 hydrogenates 3OOD-CoA to 3HODC-CoA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
TECR,TECRL dehydrogenate TOD-CoA to ST-CoA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ketone body metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Gallus gallus)
BDH2 dehydrogenates 3HBA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Gallus gallus)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Gallus gallus)
CYP7B1 7-hydroxylates 25OH-CHOL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol is hydroxylated to 25-hydroxycholesterol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Gallus gallus)
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP39A1 7-hydroxylates 24OH-CHOL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol (Gallus gallus)
27-hydroxycholesterol is 7alpha-hydroxylated (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Gallus gallus)
4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7A1 7-hydroxylates CHOL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (zymosterone) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one is reduced to 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via desmosterol (Gallus gallus)
Cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to desmosterol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol is desaturated to form cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via lathosterol (Gallus gallus)
DHCR24 reduces ZYMOL to ZYMSTNL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR7 reduces 7-dehydroCHOL to CHOL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SC5D desaturates LTHSOL to 7-dehydroCHOL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR24 reduces LAN to 24,25-dhLAN (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCR dimer reduces bHMG-CoA to MVA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCS1 condenses Ac-CoA and ACA-CoA to form bHMG-CoA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Squalene is oxidized to its epoxide (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Zymosterone (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one) is reduced to zymosterol (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroid hormones (Gallus gallus)
Androgen biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates P4 to 17aHPROG (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPREG to DHA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPROG to ANDST (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3-like proteins reducde ANDST to TEST (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD2B1 dimer, HSD3B2 dimer isomerise DHA to ANDST (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A1 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A2 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A3 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Estrogen biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP19A1 hydroxylates TEST to EST17b (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B11 dehydrogenates EST17b to E1 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B2 oxidises estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucocorticoid biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
17-Hydroxypregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione-17-ol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP21A2 oxidises 17HPROG (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2,HSD11B1 dimer oxidise CORT to COR (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
Reduction of isocaproaldehyde to 4-methylpentan-1-ol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism (Gallus gallus)
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
Synthesis of PA (Gallus gallus)
DHAP is converted to G3P by GPD1/GPD1L (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Glycosphingolipid metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
CERK phosphorylates CERA to form C1P (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosphingolipid catabolism (Gallus gallus)
ENPP7 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD2 and 3 hydrolyze sphingomyelin (plasma membrane) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD4 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (ER membrane) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid catabolism (Gallus gallus)
ALDH3A2-1 oxidises HD2NAL to PALM (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B1 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B2 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
ABCC1,ABCG2 transport C18-S1P to extracellular region (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ceramide synthases transfer acyl-CoA onto sphingoid (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS1 dehydrogenates dihydroceramide (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS2 oxygenates dihydroceramide (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
FA2H hydroxylates 1,2-saturated fatty acids (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK1 phosphorylates sphingoid (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SPTLC complexes transfer acyl-CoA onto serine (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax and plasmalogen biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
Plasmalogen biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
DHRS7B reduces GO3P to HXDG3P (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
FAR1 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
FAR2 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation (Gallus gallus)
eNOS activation (Gallus gallus)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Depalmitoylation of eNOS (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Uncoupled eNOS favours the formation of superoxide (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Gallus gallus)
Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Gallus gallus)
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS2] (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS] (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
dCMP + H2O => dUMP + NH4+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine + ATP => GAR + ADP + Pi (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
AIR + CO2 => CAIR (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CAIR + Aspartate + ATP => SAICAR + ADP + Pi (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAM + ATP => AIR + ADP + Pi (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
GAR + 10-Formyl-THF => FGAR + THF (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + H2O + NAD+ => XMP + NADH + H+ [IMPDH1,2] (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS] (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
UMPS dimer decarboxylates OMP to UMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide catabolism (Gallus gallus)
Purine catabolism (Gallus gallus)
Guanine + H2O => Xanthine + NH4+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Gallus gallus)
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-ATP to 2-oxo-AMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-dATP to 2-oxo-dAMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dATP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-ATP to N6-methyl-AMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dATP to N6-methyl-dAMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes O6-methyl-dGTP to O6-methyl-dGMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates hypoxanthine to form xanthine (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates xanthine to form urate (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine catabolism (Gallus gallus)
5,6-dihydrothymine + H2O => beta-ureidoisobutyrate (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O => beta-ureidopropionate (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidoisobutyrate + H2O => 3-aminoisobutyrate + NH4+ + CO2 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidopropionate + H2O => beta-alanine + NH4+ + CO2 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
thymine + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrothymine + NADP+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
uracil + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Gallus gallus)
Purine salvage (Gallus gallus)
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-AMP to IMP and methylamine (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dAMP to dIMP and methylamine (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
GMP + NADPH + H+ => IMP + NADP+ + NH4+ (GMPR,GMPR2) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of porphyrins (Gallus gallus)
Heme biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
ALAD condenses 2 dALAs to form PBG (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO1 to COPRO1 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO3 to COPRO3 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Gallus gallus)
Metabolism of cofactors (Gallus gallus)
NADPH regeneration (Gallus gallus)
isocitrate + NADP+ => 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation (Gallus gallus)
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (Gallus gallus)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Gallus gallus)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Gallus gallus)
Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport and metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Cobalamin (Cbl) metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Cob(I)alamin bound to MMACHC is oxidized to cob(II)alamin (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC dealkylates RCbl (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC decyanates CNCbl (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTRR reduces cob(II)alamin to meCbl (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of folate and pterines (Gallus gallus)
5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate + NADP+ <=> 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + NADPH + H+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHF is reduced to tetrahydrofolate (THF) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR dimer reduces FOLA to DHF (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR2 reduces FOLA to DHF (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFD1 dimer dehydrogenates 5,10-methenyl-THFPG to 5,10-methylene-THFPG (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFR dimer reduces 5,10-methylene-THFPG to 5-methyl-THFPG (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFS transforms 5-formyl-THFPG to 5,10-methenyl-THFPG (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Gallus gallus)
NMRK1 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK1 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Gallus gallus)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
QPRT transfers PRIB to QUIN to form NAMN (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Gallus gallus)
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
RFK:Mg2+ phosphorylates RIB (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
3xPPCDC:3FMN decarboxylates PPC (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY phosphorylates DP-CoA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
DCAKD phosphorylates DP-CoA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK1/3 phosphorylate PanK (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK2 phosphorylates PanK (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin C (ascorbate) metabolism (Gallus gallus)
CYB5R3:FAD reduces CYB5A:ferriheme to CYB5A:heme (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (Gallus gallus)
Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (cytosol) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (cytosol) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Gallus gallus)
Post-translational protein modification (Gallus gallus)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Gallus gallus)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Gallus gallus)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Gallus gallus)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
TSTA3 dimer reduces GDP-KDGal to GDP-Fuc (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sialic acid metabolism (Gallus gallus)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GDP-mannose (Gallus gallus)
GMPPB converts Mannose-1-phosphate to GDP-Mannose (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1 phosphorylates Mannose to Man6P (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Gallus gallus)
NAGK dimer phosphorylates GlcNAc, GlcNGc to GlcNAc-6-P, GlcNGc-6-P (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation (Gallus gallus)
Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine (Gallus gallus)
DOHH:Fe2+ hydroxylates Dhp-K50-EIF5A to form Hyp-K50-EIF5A (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Post-translational modification: synthesis of GPI-anchored proteins (Gallus gallus)
Synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) (Gallus gallus)
phosphatidylinositol + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine -> N-acetylglucosaminyl-PI + UDP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Muscle contraction (Gallus gallus)
Cardiac conduction (Gallus gallus)
Ion homeostasis (Gallus gallus)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Gallus gallus)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Gallus gallus)
Neurotransmitter release cycle (Gallus gallus)
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Gallus gallus)
Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicles (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Gallus gallus)
GABA synthesis (Gallus gallus)
PXLP-K405-GAD1 decarboxylates L-Glu to form GABA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GABA by GAD2 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Gallus gallus)
SLC1A1-3,6,7 exchange L-Glu, H+ and 3Na+ for K+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism In glial cells (Gallus gallus)
Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism (Gallus gallus)
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sensory Perception (Gallus gallus)
Visual phototransduction (Gallus gallus)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Gallus gallus)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision) (Gallus gallus)
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH12 reduces atRAL to atROL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5 oxidises 11cROL to 11cRAL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
RPE65 isomero-hydrolyses atREs to 11cROL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
The retinoid cycle in cones (daylight vision) (Gallus gallus)
atRAL is reduced to atROL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Gallus gallus)
Signaling by GPCR (Gallus gallus)
GPCR downstream signalling (Gallus gallus)
G alpha (i) signalling events (Gallus gallus)
Opioid Signalling (Gallus gallus)
G-protein mediated events (Gallus gallus)
PLC beta mediated events (Gallus gallus)
Ca-dependent events (Gallus gallus)
phospho-PLA2 pathway (Gallus gallus)
PLA2G4A (cPLA2) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
G alpha (q) signalling events (Gallus gallus)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Gallus gallus)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Gallus gallus)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (Gallus gallus)
ESR-mediated signaling (Gallus gallus)
Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling (Gallus gallus)
eNOS synthesizes NO (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Retinoic Acid (Gallus gallus)
RA biosynthesis pathway (Gallus gallus)
ADH1A,1C,4 oxidise atROL to atRAL in vitro (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH8A1 oxidises 9cRAL to 9cRA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDHs oxidise atRAL to atRA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP26A1,B1,C1 4-hydroxylate atRA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,16,DHRS9,RDHE2 oxidise atROL to atRAL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11,14,DHRS3,DRHS4 reduce atRAL to atROL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5,RDH11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (Gallus gallus)
Signaling by Insulin receptor (Gallus gallus)
Insulin receptor recycling (Gallus gallus)
Endosome acidification (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by VEGF (Gallus gallus)
VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway (Gallus gallus)
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
VEGFR2 mediated vascular permeability (Gallus gallus)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Rho GTPases, Miro GTPases and RHOBTB3 (Gallus gallus)
Signaling by Rho GTPases (Gallus gallus)
RHO GTPase Effectors (Gallus gallus)
RHO GTPases Activate NADPH Oxidases (Gallus gallus)
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX1 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX3 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Production of phagocyte oxygen radicals by NOX2 complex bound to RAC2:GTP (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Gallus gallus)
Ion channel transport (Gallus gallus)
Ion transport by P-type ATPases (Gallus gallus)
ATP12A:ATP4B exchanges K+ for H+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Stimuli-sensing channels (Gallus gallus)
CLCN4/5/6 exchange Cl- for H+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CLCN7:OSTM1 exchanges Cl- for H+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9B1/C2 exchange Na+ for H+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Iron uptake and transport (Gallus gallus)
Ferritin Complex oxidises 4Fe2+ to Fe(3+)O(OH) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Transferrin endocytosis and recycling (Gallus gallus)
Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Gallus gallus)
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes (Gallus gallus)
Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen (Gallus gallus)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ hydrate CO2 to HCO3- (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYB5Rs reduce MetHb to HbA (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemoglobin A is protonated and carbamated causing release of oxygen (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide (Gallus gallus)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ dehydrate HCO3- to CO2 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemoglobin A binds O2, releasing H+ and CO2 (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport (Gallus gallus)
Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds (Gallus gallus)
Inositol transporters (Gallus gallus)
HMIT co-transports myo-inositol with a proton (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
MATEs mediate extrusion of xenobiotics (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metal ion SLC transporters (Gallus gallus)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic cation/anion/zwitterion transport (Gallus gallus)
Organic cation transport (Gallus gallus)
SLC22A18 exchanges extracellular organic cations for cytosolic H+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport (Gallus gallus)
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from cytosol to extracellular region (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC16A3,7,8 cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport (Gallus gallus)
RhBG mediates ammonium effflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
RhBG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium efflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides (Gallus gallus)
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane (Gallus gallus)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC38A3-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and alanine (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Bicarbonate transporters (Gallus gallus)
Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger transport (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Multifunctional anion exchangers (Gallus gallus)
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic anion transporters (Gallus gallus)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC17A6,7,8 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (Gallus gallus)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton/oligopeptide cotransporters (Gallus gallus)
Proton-coupled histidine and di-peptide cotransport (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A1 transports di-/tri-peptides and peptide-like drugs (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC1A1,2,3,6,7 cotransport L-Glu,L-Asp,D-Asp,H+,3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sodium/Proton exchangers (Gallus gallus)
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at cell membrane) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at trans-golgi membrane) (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A6,7 exchange Na+ for H+ across the early endosome membrane (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A9 exchanges Na+ for H+ across the late endosome membrane (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transport (Gallus gallus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cell Cycle (Homo sapiens)
Cell Cycle, Mitotic (Homo sapiens)
M Phase (Homo sapiens)
Mitotic Metaphase and Anaphase (Homo sapiens)
Mitotic Anaphase (Homo sapiens)
Nuclear Envelope (NE) Reassembly (Homo sapiens)
Sealing of the nuclear envelope (NE) by ESCRT-III (Homo sapiens)
VPS4 mediates disassembly of ESCRTIII subunits to promote sealing of holes in the nuclear envelope (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Cellular responses to stimuli (Homo sapiens)
Cellular responses to stress (Homo sapiens)
Cellular response to chemical stress (Homo sapiens)
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Homo sapiens)
NOX2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX4, NOX5 reduce O2 to O2.- (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (cytosol) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway (Homo sapiens)
Nuclear events mediated by NFE2L2 (Homo sapiens)
NFE2L2 regulating anti-oxidant/detoxification enzymes (Homo sapiens)
SRXN1 reduces hyperoxidized PRDX1 dimer (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Disease (Homo sapiens)
Diseases of metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Abnormal conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate (Homo sapiens)
2-oxoglutarate + NADPH + H+ => (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + NADP+ [mutant IDH1] (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Defects in vitamin and cofactor metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Defects in cobalamin (B12) metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Defective MMACHC causes MAHCC (Homo sapiens)
Defective MMACHC does not decyanate CNCbl (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Defective MMACHC does not reduce Cbl (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Diseases of carbohydrate metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Essential pentosuria (Homo sapiens)
Defective DCXR does not reduce L-xylulose to xylitol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolic disorders of biological oxidation enzymes (Homo sapiens)
Defective CYP17A1 causes AH5 (Homo sapiens)
Defective CYP17A1 does not 17-hydroxylate P4 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Defective CYP17A1 does not 17-hydroxylate PREG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Defective CYP17A1 does not cleave 17aHPROG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Defective CYP19A1 causes AEXS (Homo sapiens)
Defective CYP19A1 does not convert ANDST to E1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Defective CYP1B1 causes Glaucoma (Homo sapiens)
Defective CYP1B1 does not 4-hydroxylate EST17b (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Defective CYP21A2 causes AH3 (Homo sapiens)
Defective CYP21A2 does not 21-hydroxylate PROG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Defective CYP26C1 causes FFDD4 (Homo sapiens)
Defective CYP26C1 does not 4-hydroxylate 9cRA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Defective CYP27B1 causes VDDR1A (Homo sapiens)
Defective CYP27B1 does not hydroxylate CDL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Defective CYP27B1 causes VDDR1B (Homo sapiens)
Defective CYP2R1 does not 25-hydroxylate vitamin D (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Defective CYP4F22 causes ARCI5 (Homo sapiens)
Defective CYP4F22 does not 20-hydroxylate TrXA3 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Defective CYP7B1 causes SPG5A and CBAS3 (Homo sapiens)
Defective CYP7B1 does not 7-hydroxylate 25OH-CHOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Diseases of signal transduction by growth factor receptors and second messengers (Homo sapiens)
FLT3 signaling in disease (Homo sapiens)
Signaling by FLT3 ITD and TKD mutants (Homo sapiens)
STAT5 activation downstream of FLT3 ITD mutants (Homo sapiens)
FLT3 ITD- and NOX4-dependent H2O2 production (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by FLT3 fusion proteins (Homo sapiens)
FLT3 ITD- and NOX4-dependent H2O2 production (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Diseases of the neuronal system (Homo sapiens)
Diseases associated with visual transduction (Homo sapiens)
Retinoid cycle disease events (Homo sapiens)
Defective visual phototransduction due to RDH12 loss of function (Homo sapiens)
Defective RDH12 does not reduce atRAL to atROL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Disorders of transmembrane transporters (Homo sapiens)
SLC transporter disorders (Homo sapiens)
Defective SLC22A18 causes lung cancer (LNCR) and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma 1 (RMSE1) (Homo sapiens)
Defective SLC22A18 does not exchange extracellular organic cations for cytosolic H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Infectious disease (Homo sapiens)
Bacterial Infection Pathways (Homo sapiens)
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Homo sapiens)
Escape of Mtb from the phagocyte (Homo sapiens)
Phagocyte cell death caused by cytosolic Mtb (Homo sapiens)
CpnT hydrolyses NAD+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Latent infection - Other responses of Mtb to phagocytosis (Homo sapiens)
Cell redox homeostasis (Homo sapiens)
LpdC dimer reactivates DlaT (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
TrxB reactivates TrxA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Mtb iron assimilation by chelation (Homo sapiens)
BfrA stores iron (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
BfrB stores iron (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Iron is reduced and separates from mycobactin (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Tolerance by Mtb to nitric oxide produced by macrophages (Homo sapiens)
MscR reduces nitrosomycothiol to ammonia (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Mycothiol scavenges nitrosyl (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Tolerance of reactive oxygen produced by macrophages (Homo sapiens)
SodB reduces superoxide to H2O2 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SodC reduces superoxide to H2O2 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Response of Mtb to phagocytosis (Homo sapiens)
Suppression of autophagy (Homo sapiens)
Eis acetylates DUSP16 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Parasitic Infection Pathways (Homo sapiens)
Leishmania infection (Homo sapiens)
Killing mechanisms (Homo sapiens)
WNT5:FZD7-mediated leishmania damping (Homo sapiens)
NOX1 complex:pp-DVL:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Viral Infection Pathways (Homo sapiens)
Influenza Infection (Homo sapiens)
Fusion and Uncoating of the Influenza Virion (Homo sapiens)
Uncoating of the Influenza Virion (Homo sapiens)
Ribonucleoprotein release from M1 proteins (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SARS-CoV Infections (Homo sapiens)
SARS-CoV-1 Infection (Homo sapiens)
Translation of Replicase and Assembly of the Replication Transcription Complex (Homo sapiens)
Maturation of replicase proteins (Homo sapiens)
nsp3 is glycosylated (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
nsp3-4 is glycosylated (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
nsp4 is glycosylated (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Translation of Structural Proteins (Homo sapiens)
Maturation of nucleoprotein (Homo sapiens)
GSK3 phosphorylates Nucleoprotein (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleoprotein is ADP-ribosylated (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SARS-CoV-2 Infection (Homo sapiens)
Early SARS-CoV-2 Infection Events (Homo sapiens)
SARS-CoV-2 Genome Replication and Transcription (Homo sapiens)
Transcription of SARS-CoV-2 sgRNAs (Homo sapiens)
nsp12 transfers guanylyl onto SARS-CoV-2 plus strand subgenomic RNAs (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Translation of Replicase and Assembly of the Replication Transcription Complex (Homo sapiens)
Maturation of replicase proteins (Homo sapiens)
nsp3 is glycosylated (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
nsp3-4 is glycosylated (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
nsp4 is glycosylated (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Late SARS-CoV-2 Infection Events (Homo sapiens)
Translation of Structural Proteins (Homo sapiens)
Maturation of nucleoprotein (Homo sapiens)
CSNK1A1 phosphorylates nucleoprotein (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
GSK3 phosphorylates nucleoprotein (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleoprotein is ADP-ribosylated (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleoprotein is methylated by PRMT1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SRPK1/2 phosphorylates nucleoprotein (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Unknown kinase phosphorylates nucleoprotein (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Drug ADME (Homo sapiens)
Abacavir ADME (Homo sapiens)
Abacavir metabolism (Homo sapiens)
abacavir + 2 NAD+ => abacavir 5'-carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Aspirin ADME (Homo sapiens)
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Atorvastatin ADME (Homo sapiens)
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 2-OH-ATV (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 4-OH-ATV (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 2-OH-ATVL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 4-OH-ATVL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PON1,3 hydrolyse 2-OH-ATVL to 2-OH-ATV (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PON1,3 hydrolyse 4-OH-ATVL to 4-OH-ATV (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PON1,3 hydrolyse ATVL to ATV (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes 2-OH-ATV to 2-OH-ATVL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes 4-OH-ATV to 4-OH-ATVL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes ATV to ATVL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Azathioprine ADME (Homo sapiens)
GMPS dimer transforms 6TXMP to 6TGMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6MP, forming 6MeMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6TIMP, forming 6MeTIMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH oxidises 6MP to 6TU (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Ciprofloxacin ADME (Homo sapiens)
Cipro is imported by organic cation transporters (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Paracetamol ADME (Homo sapiens)
CYP2E1 monooxygenates APAP to NAPQI (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Prednisone ADME (Homo sapiens)
AKR1C1 hydrogenates PREDN,PREDL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 oxidizes PREDN,PREDL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B1 hydrogenates PREDN to PREDL in hepatic cell (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2 dehydrogenates PREDL to PREDN (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT2B7,2B17,1A3 glucuronidates PRED metabolites (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Gene expression (Transcription) (Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription (Homo sapiens)
Generic Transcription Pathway (Homo sapiens)
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 (Homo sapiens)
TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes (Homo sapiens)
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Death Genes (Homo sapiens)
TP53 regulates transcription of several additional cell death genes whose specific roles in p53-dependent apoptosis remain uncertain (Homo sapiens)
TP53I3 oxidoreductase generates unstable semiquinones (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemostasis (Homo sapiens)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation (Homo sapiens)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Homo sapiens)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Homo sapiens)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (Homo sapiens)
Platelet degranulation (Homo sapiens)
ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Platelet homeostasis (Homo sapiens)
Platelet calcium homeostasis (Homo sapiens)
Reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels (Homo sapiens)
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Immune System (Homo sapiens)
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Homo sapiens)
Interferon Signaling (Homo sapiens)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Homo sapiens)
OAS antiviral response (Homo sapiens)
PDE12 cleaves 2'-5' oligoadenylates (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Viral 2',5'-PDE cleaves 2'-5' oligoadenylates (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Innate Immune System (Homo sapiens)
Antimicrobial peptides (Homo sapiens)
Ion influx/efflux at host-pathogen interface (Homo sapiens)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ROS and RNS production in phagocytes (Homo sapiens)
Glutathione scavenges nitrosyl (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HV1-mediated H+ transfer (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX2 generates superoxide anion from oxygen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Homo sapiens)
Pyruvate metabolism (Homo sapiens)
HAGH hydrolyses (R)-S-LGSH to GSH and LACT (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer oxidises LACT to PYR (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer reduces PYR to LACT (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates OA to PYR (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Homo sapiens)
NEK1 phosphorylates ME1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Respiratory electron transport (Homo sapiens)
Malate-aspartate shuttle (Homo sapiens)
MDH1 reduces OA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Biological oxidations (Homo sapiens)
Aflatoxin activation and detoxification (Homo sapiens)
AKR dimers reduce AFBDHO to AFBDOH (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFM1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2, 3A4 oxidise AFB1 to AFNBO (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2,3A4,3A5,2A13 oxidise AFB1 to AFXBO (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2A13 oxidises AFM1 to AFM1E (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4,5 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFQ1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Unknown NAT transfers COCH3 to AFXBO-C, AFNBO-C (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Homo sapiens)
ALD3A1 oxidises 4HPCP to CXPA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type (Homo sapiens)
Eicosanoids (Homo sapiens)
CYP4F2, 4F3 20-hydroxylate LTB4 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4F22 20-hydroxylates TrXA3 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Endogenous sterols (Homo sapiens)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1B1 4-hydroxylates EST17b (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP39A1 7-hydroxylates 24OH-CHOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7A1 7-hydroxylates CHOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7B1 7-hydroxylates 25OH-CHOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Sterols are 12-hydroxylated by CYP8B1 (Homo sapiens)
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,24(S)DIOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,27DONE (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7aOLONE (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamins (Homo sapiens)
CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP27B1 hydroxylates 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Ethanol oxidation (Homo sapiens)
ADH5 oxidises S-HMGSH to S-FGSH (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [cytosolic] (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ethanol + NAD+ => acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Homo sapiens)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Homo sapiens)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Homo sapiens)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Homo sapiens)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Homo sapiens)
UDP-glucose is oxidised to UDP-glucuronate (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Methylation (Homo sapiens)
TPMT transfers CH3 from AdoMet to 6MP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly (Homo sapiens)
NADPH reduces NDOR1:CIAPIN1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Inositol phosphate metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol (Homo sapiens)
MIOX oxidises Ins to GlcA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Integration of energy metabolism (Homo sapiens)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of key metabolic factors (Homo sapiens)
Phosphorylation of PF2K-Pase by PKA catalytic subunit (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Phosphorylation of pChREBP (Thr 653) at Ser(196) by PKA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Homo sapiens)
Aspartate and asparagine metabolism (Homo sapiens)
PXLP-K333-GADL1 decarboxylates acidic AAs (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine synthesis (Homo sapiens)
ALDH9A1 tetramer dehydrogenates TEABL to form TEABT (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Creatine metabolism (Homo sapiens)
guanidinoacetate + S-adenosylmethionine => creatine + S-adenosylhomocysteine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Homo sapiens)
N-acetylaspartylglutamate synthase A ligates NAA, L-Glu forming NAAG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PYCR3 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine catabolism (Homo sapiens)
CARNMT1 methylates CARN to Anserine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CARNS1 transforms ATP, L-His, b-Ala to CARN (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HNMT transfers CH3 group from AdoMet to Hist (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine is decarboxylated to histamine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amine-derived hormones (Homo sapiens)
Catecholamine biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
Noradrenaline is converted to adrenaline (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
Methylation of N-acetyl-5-HT to form melatonin (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Thyroxine biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
Regulation of thyroid hormone activity (Homo sapiens)
Thyroxine is deiodinated to reverse triiodothyronine (RT3) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Thyroxine is deiodinated to triiodothyronine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Phenylalanine metabolism (Homo sapiens)
q-dihydrobiopterin + NADH + H+ => tetrahydrobiopterin + NAD+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Tyrosine catabolism (Homo sapiens)
FAH cleaves 4FAA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HGD dioxygenates homogentisate (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Metabolism of ingested H2SeO4 and H2SeO3 into H2Se (Homo sapiens)
GSSeSG is reduced to GSSeH and GSH by GSR (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSe is reduced to SeO3(2-) by PAPSe reductase (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SeO3(2-) combines with GSH to form GSSeSG and GSSG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SeO3(2-) is reduced to H2Se by TXNRD1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of ingested MeSeO2H into MeSeH (Homo sapiens)
MeSeO2H is reduced to MeSeOH by TXNRD1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
MeSeOH is reduced to MeSeH by TXNRD1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenocysteine synthesis (Homo sapiens)
SEPHS2 phosphorylates H2Se to form SELP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Serine biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
PHGDH tetramer dehydrogenates 3PG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Homo sapiens)
BHMT2 tetramer transfers CH3 group from SMM to LHCYS (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine (Homo sapiens)
ADO oxidises 2AET to HTAU (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
FMO1:FAD oxidizes HTAU to TAU (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Methionine salvage pathway (Homo sapiens)
Acireductone is created (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Tryptophan catabolism (Homo sapiens)
2-aminomuconate semialdehyde + NAD+ + H2O => aminomuconate + NADH + H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
kynurenine + O2 + NADPH + H+ => 3-hydroxykynurenine + NADP+ + H2O (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Homo sapiens)
Formation of xylulose-5-phosphate (Homo sapiens)
AKR1A1 reduces D-glucuronate to L-gulonate (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CRYL1 dimer dehydrogenates L-gulonate to 3-dehydro-L-gulonate (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
DCXR tetramer reduces L-xylulose to xylitol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD tetramer oxidizes xylitol to D-xylulose (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Fructose biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
AKR1B1 reduces Glc to D-sorbitol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD oxidizes D-sorbitol to Fru (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose catabolism (Homo sapiens)
ALDH1A1 oxidises GA to DGA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
GLYCTK phosphorylates DGA to 3PDGA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
KHK dimer phosphorylates Fru to Fru 1-P (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucose metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Gluconeogenesis (Homo sapiens)
GAPDH tetramers reduce 1,3BPG to GA3P (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycolysis (Homo sapiens)
D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + orthophosphate + NAD+ <=> 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1,2,3,GCK,HKDC1 phosphorylate Glc to form G6P (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PGM2L1:Mg2+ phosphorylates G6P to G1,6BP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Regulation of glycolysis by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Phosphorylation of PF2K-Pase by PKA catalytic subunit (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycogen metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Glycogen synthesis (Homo sapiens)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Homo sapiens)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Pentose phosphate pathway (Homo sapiens)
6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ => D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + H2O => 6-phospho-D-gluconate (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RBKS phosphorylates ribose to R5P (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SHPK phosphorylates Sedo to Sedo7P (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Homo sapiens)
Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) (Homo sapiens)
Biosynthesis of DHA-derived SPMs (Homo sapiens)
Biosynthesis of D-series resolvins (Homo sapiens)
HPGD dimer oxidises RvD1 to 17(S)-oxo-RvD1 and 8-oxo-17(S)-RvD1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of maresins (Homo sapiens)
Biosynthesis of maresin-like SPMs (Homo sapiens)
CPY4 ω-oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to MaR-L1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to 14(R),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(R),21(S)-diHDHA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to 14(S),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(S),21(S)-diHDHA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4 ω-oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to MaR-L2 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYPs hydroxylate DHA to 14(R)-HDHA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of protectins (Homo sapiens)
CYP1, CYP2 hydroxylate (N)PD1 to 22-OH-(N)PD1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of EPA-derived SPMs (Homo sapiens)
Biosynthesis of E-series 18(S)-resolvins (Homo sapiens)
CYP monooxygenates EPA to 18(S)-HpEPE (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of Lipoxins (LX) (Homo sapiens)
15k-LXA4 is reduced to dhk-LXA4 by PTGR1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
LXA4 is oxidised to 15k-LXA4 by HPGD (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of electrophilic ω-3 PUFA oxo-derivatives (Homo sapiens)
5-HEDH dehydrogenates 5-HEPE to 5-oxo-EPA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
5-HEDH dehydrogenates 7-HDHA to 7-oxo-DHA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
5-HEDH dehydrogenates 7-HDPAn-3 to 7-oxo-DPAn-3 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acid metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Arachidonate metabolism (Homo sapiens)
PLA2G4A (cPLA2) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives (Homo sapiens)
15S-HETE is oxidised to 15-oxoETE by 15-HEDH (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is oxidised to 15R-HETE by Acetyl-PTGS2 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of 5-eicosatetraenoic acids (Homo sapiens)
5S-HETE is oxidised to 5-oxoETE by 5-HEDH (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX) (Homo sapiens)
20cho-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cooh-LTB4 by ALDH (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
20cho-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cooh-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
20oh-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cho-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ALOX5 is phosphorylated by MAPKAP2 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4F2, 4F3 20-hydroxylate LTB4 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
LTB4 is oxidised to 12-oxoLTB4 by PTGR1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
LTC4 is exported from the cytosol by ABCC1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX) (Homo sapiens)
15k-PGE2/F2a is reduced to dhk-PGE2/F2a by PTGR1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PGD2 is reduced to 11-epi-PGF2a by AKRIC3 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PGD2/E2/F2a is oxidised to 15k-PGD2/E2/F2a by HPGD (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PGE2 is converted to PGF2a by CBR1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PGH2 is reduced to PGF2a by AKR1C3 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET) (Homo sapiens)
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 11,12-EET by CYP(5) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 14,15-EET by CYP(5) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 5,6-EET by CYP(4) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 8,9-EET by CYP(5) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine shuttle (Homo sapiens)
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Btn-ACACB:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
pAMPK inactivates ACACB, inhibiting malonyl-CoA synthesis (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
Conversion of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to palmitate (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Formation of Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA (liver) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
OLAH hydrolyzes decanoyl-FASN dimer to DECA and FASN dimer (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD5 desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Homo sapiens)
ELOVL1,2,3,5 elongate AA-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODCT-CoA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL1,4 elongate TCS-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3OHC-CoA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL3,6,7 elongate PALM-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3OOD-CoA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL7 elongates ICS-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODC-CoA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3,12 hydrogenates 3OOD-CoA to 3HODC-CoA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
TECR,TECRL dehydrogenate TOD-CoA to ST-CoA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Peroxisomal lipid metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (Homo sapiens)
Peroxisomal uptake of very long-chain fatty acyl CoA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Ketone body metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Homo sapiens)
BDH2 dehydrogenates 3HBA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Homo sapiens)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Homo sapiens)
CYP7B1 7-hydroxylates 25OH-CHOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol is hydroxylated to 25-hydroxycholesterol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Homo sapiens)
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP39A1 7-hydroxylates 24OH-CHOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,24(S)DIOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,24(S)-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol (Homo sapiens)
27-hydroxycholesterol is 7alpha-hydroxylated (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,27DONE (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,27-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Homo sapiens)
4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
7alpha-hydroxycholesterol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7A1 7-hydroxylates CHOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7aOLONE (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol [TM7SF2] (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (zymosterone) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one is reduced to 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via desmosterol (Homo sapiens)
Cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to desmosterol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol is desaturated to form cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via lathosterol (Homo sapiens)
DHCR24 reduces ZYMOL to ZYMSTNL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR7 reduces 7-dehydroCHOL to CHOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SC5D desaturates LTHSOL to 7-dehydroCHOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR24 reduces LAN to 24,25-dhLAN (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCR dimer reduces bHMG-CoA to MVA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCS1 condenses Ac-CoA and ACA-CoA to form bHMG-CoA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Squalene is oxidized to its epoxide (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Zymosterone (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one) is reduced to zymosterol (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroid hormones (Homo sapiens)
Androgen biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates P4 to 17aHPROG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPREG to DHA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPROG to ANDST (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3-like proteins reducde ANDST to TEST (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD2B1 dimer, HSD3B2 dimer isomerise DHA to ANDST (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A1 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A2 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A3 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Estrogen biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP19A1 hydroxylates TEST to EST17b (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B1 hydrogenates E1 to EST17b (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B11 dehydrogenates EST17b to E1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B14 tetramer oxidises estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B2 oxidises estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucocorticoid biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
17-Hydroxypregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione-17-ol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP21A2 oxidises 17HPROG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2,HSD11B1 dimer oxidise CORT to COR (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
Reduction of isocaproaldehyde to 4-methylpentan-1-ol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism (Homo sapiens)
CYP24A1 hydroxylates 1,25(OH)2D, inactivating it (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP27B1 hydroxylates 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
Synthesis of PA (Homo sapiens)
DHAP is converted to G3P by GPD1/GPD1L (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Glycosphingolipid metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
CERK phosphorylates CERA to form C1P (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosphingolipid catabolism (Homo sapiens)
ENPP7 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD2 and 3 hydrolyze sphingomyelin (plasma membrane) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD4 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (ER membrane) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid catabolism (Homo sapiens)
ALDH3A2-1 oxidises HD2NAL to PALM (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B1 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B2 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
ABCC1,ABCG2 transport C18-S1P to extracellular region (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CSNK1G2 phosphorylates p-CERT1-2 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Ceramide synthases transfer acyl-CoA onto sphingoid (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS1 dehydrogenates dihydroceramide (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS2 oxygenates dihydroceramide (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
FA2H hydroxylates 1,2-saturated fatty acids (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
KDSR reduces 3-ketosphingoid (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PRKD1,2,3 phosphorylates CERT1-2 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK1 phosphorylates sphingoid (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK2 phosphorylates sphingoid (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SPTLC complexes transfer acyl-CoA onto serine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax and plasmalogen biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
Plasmalogen biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
DHRS7B reduces GO3P to HXDG3P (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
FAR1 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
FAR2 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation (Homo sapiens)
eNOS activation (Homo sapiens)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Depalmitoylation of eNOS (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
N-myristoylation of eNOS (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Uncoupled eNOS favours the formation of superoxide (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Homo sapiens)
Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Homo sapiens)
DCTPP1 hydrolyses 5idCTP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS2] (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS] (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
dCMP + H2O => dUMP + NH4+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine + ATP => GAR + ADP + Pi (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
AIR + CO2 => CAIR (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CAIR + Aspartate + ATP => SAICAR + ADP + Pi (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAM + ATP => AIR + ADP + Pi (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => FGAM + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
GAR + 10-Formyl-THF => FGAR + THF (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + H2O + NAD+ => XMP + NADH + H+ [IMPDH1,2] (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS] (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
CAD hexamer dehydrates N-carb-L-Asp to (S)-DHO (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms CAP to N-carb-L-Asp (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms L-Gln to CAP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
UMPS dimer decarboxylates OMP to UMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide catabolism (Homo sapiens)
Purine catabolism (Homo sapiens)
Guanine + H2O => Xanthine + NH4+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Homo sapiens)
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-ATP to 2-oxo-AMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-dATP to 2-oxo-dAMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dATP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-ATP to N6-methyl-AMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dATP to N6-methyl-dAMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes O6-methyl-dGTP to O6-methyl-dGMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-GDP to 8-oxo-GMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dADP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates hypoxanthine to form xanthine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates xanthine to form urate (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine catabolism (Homo sapiens)
5,6-dihydrothymine + H2O => beta-ureidoisobutyrate (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O => beta-ureidopropionate (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidoisobutyrate + H2O => 3-aminoisobutyrate + NH4+ + CO2 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidopropionate + H2O => beta-alanine + NH4+ + CO2 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
thymine + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrothymine + NADP+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
uracil + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Homo sapiens)
Purine salvage (Homo sapiens)
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-AMP to IMP and methylamine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dAMP to dIMP and methylamine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
GMP + NADPH + H+ => IMP + NADP+ + NH4+ (GMPR,GMPR2) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of porphyrins (Homo sapiens)
Heme biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ALAD condenses 2 dALAs to form PBG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO1 to COPRO1 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO3 to COPRO3 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Homo sapiens)
Metabolism of cofactors (Homo sapiens)
NADPH regeneration (Homo sapiens)
isocitrate + NADP+ => 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation (Homo sapiens)
Salvage - BH2 is reduced to BH4 by DHFR (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (Homo sapiens)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Homo sapiens)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RETSAT reduces atROL to at-13,14-dhROL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Homo sapiens)
Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport and metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Cobalamin (Cbl) metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Cob(I)alamin bound to MMACHC is oxidized to cob(II)alamin (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC dealkylates RCbl (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC decyanates CNCbl (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
MTRR reduces cob(II)alamin to meCbl (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of folate and pterines (Homo sapiens)
5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate + NADP+ <=> 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + NADPH + H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH1L1 dehydrogenates 10-formyl-THFPG to THFPG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
DHF is reduced to tetrahydrofolate (THF) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR dimer reduces FOLA to DHF (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR2 reduces FOLA to DHF (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFD1 dimer dehydrogenates 5,10-methenyl-THFPG to 5,10-methylene-THFPG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFR dimer reduces 5,10-methylene-THFPG to 5-methyl-THFPG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFS transforms 5-formyl-THFPG to 5,10-methenyl-THFPG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
Sulfhydrylation and ring cleavage of precursor Z (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Homo sapiens)
NMRK1 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK1 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Homo sapiens)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
QPRT transfers PRIB to QUIN to form NAMN (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Homo sapiens)
2xENPP1 hydrolyzes FAD to FMN (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RFK:Mg2+ phosphorylates RIB (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Homo sapiens)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
3xPPCDC:3FMN decarboxylates PPC (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY phosphorylates DP-CoA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
DCAKD phosphorylates DP-CoA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK1/3 phosphorylate PanK (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK2 phosphorylates PanK (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin C (ascorbate) metabolism (Homo sapiens)
2,3-DKG hydrolyses to ERU and oxalate (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Asc.- radical dissociates to AscH- and DeHA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYB5R3:FAD reduces CYB5A:ferriheme to CYB5A:heme (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (Homo sapiens)
Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (cytosol) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (cytosol) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Homo sapiens)
Post-translational protein modification (Homo sapiens)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Homo sapiens)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Homo sapiens)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Homo sapiens)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
TSTA3 dimer reduces GDP-KDGal to GDP-Fuc (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Sialic acid metabolism (Homo sapiens)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GDP-mannose (Homo sapiens)
GMPPB converts Mannose-1-phosphate to GDP-Mannose (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1 phosphorylates Mannose to Man6P (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Homo sapiens)
NAGK dimer phosphorylates GlcNAc, GlcNGc to GlcNAc-6-P, GlcNGc-6-P (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation (Homo sapiens)
Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine (Homo sapiens)
DHPS tetramer synthesizes Dhp-K50-EIF5A from EIF5A and spermidine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
DHPS tetramer synthesizes EIF5A and spermidine from Dhp-K50-EIF5A (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
DOHH:Fe2+ hydroxylates Dhp-K50-EIF5A to form Hyp-K50-EIF5A (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Post-translational modification: synthesis of GPI-anchored proteins (Homo sapiens)
Synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) (Homo sapiens)
phosphatidylinositol + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine -> N-acetylglucosaminyl-PI + UDP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Muscle contraction (Homo sapiens)
Cardiac conduction (Homo sapiens)
Ion homeostasis (Homo sapiens)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Homo sapiens)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Homo sapiens)
Neurotransmitter release cycle (Homo sapiens)
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Homo sapiens)
Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicles (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Re-acidification of acetylcholine transport vesicles (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Dopamine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Homo sapiens)
Re-acidification of clathrin sculpted monoamine transport vesicle lumen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Homo sapiens)
GABA synthesis (Homo sapiens)
PXLP-K405-GAD1 decarboxylates L-Glu to form GABA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GABA by GAD2 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Homo sapiens)
SLC1A1-3,6,7 exchange L-Glu, H+ and 3Na+ for K+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Homo sapiens)
Re-acidification of clathrin sculpted monoamine transport vesicle lumen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Serotonin Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Homo sapiens)
Re-acidification of clathrin sculpted monoamine transport vesicle lumen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism In glial cells (Homo sapiens)
Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism (Homo sapiens)
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Sensory Perception (Homo sapiens)
Sensory perception of taste (Homo sapiens)
Sensory perception of sour taste (Homo sapiens)
KCNJ2 (KIR2.1) transports K+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
OTOP1 transports H+ from the extracellular region to the cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Visual phototransduction (Homo sapiens)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Homo sapiens)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RETSAT reduces atROL to at-13,14-dhROL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision) (Homo sapiens)
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH12 reduces atRAL to atROL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5 oxidises 11cROL to 11cRAL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH8 reduces atRAL to atROL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RPE65 isomero-hydrolyses atREs to 11cROL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
The retinoid cycle in cones (daylight vision) (Homo sapiens)
11cRDH oxidises 11cROL to 11cRAL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
A REH hydrolyses 11cRE to 11cROL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
atRAL is reduced to atROL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Homo sapiens)
Signaling by GPCR (Homo sapiens)
GPCR downstream signalling (Homo sapiens)
G alpha (i) signalling events (Homo sapiens)
Opioid Signalling (Homo sapiens)
G-protein mediated events (Homo sapiens)
PLC beta mediated events (Homo sapiens)
Ca-dependent events (Homo sapiens)
phospho-PLA2 pathway (Homo sapiens)
PLA2G4A (cPLA2) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
G alpha (q) signalling events (Homo sapiens)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Homo sapiens)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Homo sapiens)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (Homo sapiens)
ESR-mediated signaling (Homo sapiens)
Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling (Homo sapiens)
eNOS synthesizes NO (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Retinoic Acid (Homo sapiens)
RA biosynthesis pathway (Homo sapiens)
ADH1A,1C,4 oxidise atROL to atRAL in vitro (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
AKR1C3 reduces atRAL to atROL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH8A1 oxidises 9cRAL to 9cRA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDHs oxidise atRAL to atRA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP26A1,B1,C1 4-hydroxylate atRA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,16,DHRS9,RDHE2 oxidise atROL to atRAL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11,14,DHRS3,DRHS4 reduce atRAL to atROL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5,RDH11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (Homo sapiens)
Signaling by Insulin receptor (Homo sapiens)
Insulin receptor recycling (Homo sapiens)
Endosome acidification (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by VEGF (Homo sapiens)
VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway (Homo sapiens)
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
VEGFR2 mediated vascular permeability (Homo sapiens)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Rho GTPases, Miro GTPases and RHOBTB3 (Homo sapiens)
Signaling by Rho GTPases (Homo sapiens)
RHO GTPase Effectors (Homo sapiens)
RHO GTPases Activate NADPH Oxidases (Homo sapiens)
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX1 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX3 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Production of phagocyte oxygen radicals by NOX2 complex bound to RAC2:GTP (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Homo sapiens)
Ion channel transport (Homo sapiens)
Ion transport by P-type ATPases (Homo sapiens)
ATP12A:ATP4B exchanges K+ for H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP4A:ATP4B exchanges K+ for H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Stimuli-sensing channels (Homo sapiens)
CLCN3 exchanges Cl- for H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CLCN4/5/6 exchange Cl- for H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CLCN7:OSTM1 exchanges Cl- for H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9B1/C2 exchange Na+ for H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Iron uptake and transport (Homo sapiens)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Ferritin Complex oxidises 4Fe2+ to Fe(3+)O(OH) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Transferrin endocytosis and recycling (Homo sapiens)
Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Homo sapiens)
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes (Homo sapiens)
Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen (Homo sapiens)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ hydrate CO2 to HCO3- (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CYB5Rs reduce MetHb to HbA (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemoglobin A is protonated and carbamated causing release of oxygen (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide (Homo sapiens)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ dehydrate HCO3- to CO2 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemoglobin A binds O2, releasing H+ and CO2 (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport (Homo sapiens)
Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds (Homo sapiens)
Inositol transporters (Homo sapiens)
HMIT co-transports myo-inositol with a proton (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
MATEs mediate extrusion of xenobiotics (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Metal ion SLC transporters (Homo sapiens)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic cation/anion/zwitterion transport (Homo sapiens)
Organic cation transport (Homo sapiens)
SLC22A18 exchanges extracellular organic cations for cytosolic H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport (Homo sapiens)
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from cytosol to extracellular region (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC16A3,7,8 cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport (Homo sapiens)
RhBG mediates ammonium effflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RhBG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium efflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides (Homo sapiens)
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane (Homo sapiens)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC38A3-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and alanine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC38A5-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and serine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Bicarbonate transporters (Homo sapiens)
Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger transport (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Multifunctional anion exchangers (Homo sapiens)
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic anion transporters (Homo sapiens)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC17A6,7,8 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (Homo sapiens)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton/oligopeptide cotransporters (Homo sapiens)
Proton-coupled histidine and di-peptide cotransport (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A1 transports di-/tri-peptides and peptide-like drugs (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC1A1,2,3,6,7 cotransport L-Glu,L-Asp,D-Asp,H+,3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Sodium/Proton exchangers (Homo sapiens)
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at cell membrane) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at trans-golgi membrane) (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A6,7 exchange Na+ for H+ across the early endosome membrane (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A9 exchanges Na+ for H+ across the late endosome membrane (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transport (Homo sapiens)
H+ [cytosol]
Cellular responses to stimuli (Mus musculus)
Cellular responses to stress (Mus musculus)
Cellular response to chemical stress (Mus musculus)
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Mus musculus)
NOX2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX4, NOX5 reduce O2 to O2.- (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (cytosol) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway (Mus musculus)
Nuclear events mediated by NFE2L2 (Mus musculus)
NFE2L2 regulating anti-oxidant/detoxification enzymes (Mus musculus)
SRXN1 reduces hyperoxidized PRDX1 dimer (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Drug ADME (Mus musculus)
Abacavir ADME (Mus musculus)
Abacavir metabolism (Mus musculus)
abacavir + 2 NAD+ => abacavir 5'-carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Aspirin ADME (Mus musculus)
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Atorvastatin ADME (Mus musculus)
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 2-OH-ATV (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 4-OH-ATV (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 2-OH-ATVL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 4-OH-ATVL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
PON1,3 hydrolyse ATVL to ATV (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes 2-OH-ATV to 2-OH-ATVL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes 4-OH-ATV to 4-OH-ATVL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes ATV to ATVL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Azathioprine ADME (Mus musculus)
GMPS dimer transforms 6TXMP to 6TGMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6MP, forming 6MeMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6TIMP, forming 6MeTIMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH oxidises 6MP to 6TU (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ciprofloxacin ADME (Mus musculus)
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Paracetamol ADME (Mus musculus)
CYP2E1 monooxygenates APAP to NAPQI (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Prednisone ADME (Mus musculus)
AKR1C1 hydrogenates PREDN,PREDL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 oxidizes PREDN,PREDL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B1 hydrogenates PREDN to PREDL in hepatic cell (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2 dehydrogenates PREDL to PREDN (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT2B7,2B17,1A3 glucuronidates PRED metabolites (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Gene expression (Transcription) (Mus musculus)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription (Mus musculus)
Generic Transcription Pathway (Mus musculus)
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 (Mus musculus)
TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes (Mus musculus)
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemostasis (Mus musculus)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation (Mus musculus)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Mus musculus)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Mus musculus)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (Mus musculus)
Platelet degranulation (Mus musculus)
ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Platelet homeostasis (Mus musculus)
Platelet calcium homeostasis (Mus musculus)
Reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels (Mus musculus)
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Immune System (Mus musculus)
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Mus musculus)
Interferon Signaling (Mus musculus)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Mus musculus)
OAS antiviral response (Mus musculus)
PDE12 cleaves 2'-5' oligoadenylates (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Innate Immune System (Mus musculus)
Antimicrobial peptides (Mus musculus)
Ion influx/efflux at host-pathogen interface (Mus musculus)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ROS and RNS production in phagocytes (Mus musculus)
HV1-mediated H+ transfer (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX2 generates superoxide anion from oxygen (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism (Mus musculus)
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Mus musculus)
Pyruvate metabolism (Mus musculus)
HAGH hydrolyses (R)-S-LGSH to GSH and LACT (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer oxidises LACT to PYR (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer reduces PYR to LACT (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1 tetramer decarboxylates OA to PYR (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Mus musculus)
NEK1 phosphorylates ME1 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Respiratory electron transport (Mus musculus)
Malate-aspartate shuttle (Mus musculus)
MDH1 reduces OA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Biological oxidations (Mus musculus)
Aflatoxin activation and detoxification (Mus musculus)
AKR dimers reduce AFBDHO to AFBDOH (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFM1 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2, 3A4 oxidise AFB1 to AFNBO (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2,3A4,3A5,2A13 oxidise AFB1 to AFXBO (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2A13 oxidises AFM1 to AFM1E (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4,5 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFQ1 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Mus musculus)
ALD3A1 oxidises 4HPCP to CXPA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type (Mus musculus)
Eicosanoids (Mus musculus)
CYP4F2, 4F3 20-hydroxylate LTB4 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4F22 20-hydroxylates TrXA3 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Endogenous sterols (Mus musculus)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1B1 4-hydroxylates EST17b (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP39A1 7-hydroxylates 24OH-CHOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7A1 7-hydroxylates CHOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7B1 7-hydroxylates 25OH-CHOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sterols are 12-hydroxylated by CYP8B1 (Mus musculus)
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,24(S)DIOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,27DONE (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7aOLONE (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamins (Mus musculus)
CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP27B1 hydroxylates 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ethanol oxidation (Mus musculus)
ADH5 oxidises S-HMGSH to S-FGSH (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [cytosolic] (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ethanol + NAD+ => acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Mus musculus)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Mus musculus)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Mus musculus)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Mus musculus)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Mus musculus)
UDP-glucose is oxidised to UDP-glucuronate (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Methylation (Mus musculus)
TPMT transfers CH3 from AdoMet to 6MP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Inositol phosphate metabolism (Mus musculus)
Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol (Mus musculus)
MIOX oxidises Ins to GlcA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Mus musculus)
Aspartate and asparagine metabolism (Mus musculus)
PXLP-K333-GADL1 decarboxylates acidic AAs (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange L-Glu and L-Asp (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine synthesis (Mus musculus)
ALDH9A1 tetramer dehydrogenates TEABL to form TEABT (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Creatine metabolism (Mus musculus)
guanidinoacetate + S-adenosylmethionine => creatine + S-adenosylhomocysteine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Mus musculus)
N-acetylaspartylglutamate synthase A ligates NAA, L-Glu forming NAAG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
PYCR3 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine catabolism (Mus musculus)
CARNMT1 methylates CARN to Anserine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CARNS1 transforms ATP, L-His, b-Ala to CARN (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine is decarboxylated to histamine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amine-derived hormones (Mus musculus)
Catecholamine biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
Noradrenaline is converted to adrenaline (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
Methylation of N-acetyl-5-HT to form melatonin (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Thyroxine biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
Regulation of thyroid hormone activity (Mus musculus)
Thyroxine is deiodinated to reverse triiodothyronine (RT3) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Thyroxine is deiodinated to triiodothyronine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism (Mus musculus)
Phenylalanine metabolism (Mus musculus)
q-dihydrobiopterin + NADH + H+ => tetrahydrobiopterin + NAD+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Tyrosine catabolism (Mus musculus)
FAH cleaves 4FAA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HGD dioxygenates homogentisate (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Mus musculus)
Metabolism of ingested MeSeO2H into MeSeH (Mus musculus)
MeSeO2H is reduced to MeSeOH by TXNRD1 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
MeSeOH is reduced to MeSeH by TXNRD1 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenocysteine synthesis (Mus musculus)
SEPHS2 phosphorylates H2Se to form SELP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Serine biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
PHGDH tetramer dehydrogenates 3PG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Mus musculus)
BHMT2 tetramer transfers CH3 group from SMM to LHCYS (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine (Mus musculus)
ADO oxidises 2AET to HTAU (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
FMO1:FAD oxidizes HTAU to TAU (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Methionine salvage pathway (Mus musculus)
Acireductone is created (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Tryptophan catabolism (Mus musculus)
kynurenine + O2 + NADPH + H+ => 3-hydroxykynurenine + NADP+ + H2O (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Mus musculus)
Formation of xylulose-5-phosphate (Mus musculus)
AKR1A1 reduces D-glucuronate to L-gulonate (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CRYL1 dimer dehydrogenates L-gulonate to 3-dehydro-L-gulonate (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
DCXR tetramer reduces L-xylulose to xylitol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD tetramer oxidizes xylitol to D-xylulose (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose metabolism (Mus musculus)
Fructose biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
AKR1B1 reduces Glc to D-sorbitol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD oxidizes D-sorbitol to Fru (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose catabolism (Mus musculus)
ALDH1A1 oxidises GA to DGA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
GLYCTK phosphorylates DGA to 3PDGA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
KHK dimer phosphorylates Fru to Fru 1-P (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucose metabolism (Mus musculus)
Gluconeogenesis (Mus musculus)
GAPDH tetramers reduce 1,3BPG to GA3P (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycolysis (Mus musculus)
D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + orthophosphate + NAD+ <=> 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1,2,3,GCK,HKDC1 phosphorylate Glc to form G6P (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
PGM2L1:Mg2+ phosphorylates G6P to G1,6BP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycogen metabolism (Mus musculus)
Glycogen synthesis (Mus musculus)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Mus musculus)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Mus musculus)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pentose phosphate pathway (Mus musculus)
6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ => D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + H2O => 6-phospho-D-gluconate (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
RBKS phosphorylates ribose to R5P (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SHPK phosphorylates Sedo to Sedo7P (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Mus musculus)
Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) (Mus musculus)
Biosynthesis of DHA-derived SPMs (Mus musculus)
Biosynthesis of D-series resolvins (Mus musculus)
HPGD dimer oxidises RvD1 to 17(S)-oxo-RvD1 and 8-oxo-17(S)-RvD1 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of maresins (Mus musculus)
Biosynthesis of maresin-like SPMs (Mus musculus)
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to 14(R),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(R),21(S)-diHDHA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to 14(S),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(S),21(S)-diHDHA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYPs hydroxylate DHA to 14(R)-HDHA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of protectins (Mus musculus)
CYP1, CYP2 hydroxylate (N)PD1 to 22-OH-(N)PD1 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of Lipoxins (LX) (Mus musculus)
LXA4 is oxidised to 15k-LXA4 by HPGD (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acid metabolism (Mus musculus)
Arachidonate metabolism (Mus musculus)
PLA2G4A (cPLA2) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives (Mus musculus)
Arachidonate is oxidised to 15R-HETE by Acetyl-PTGS2 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX) (Mus musculus)
20cho-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cooh-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
20oh-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cho-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALOX5 is phosphorylated by MAPKAP2 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4F2, 4F3 20-hydroxylate LTB4 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
LTC4 is exported from the cytosol by ABCC1 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX) (Mus musculus)
PGD2 is reduced to 11-epi-PGF2a by AKRIC3 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
PGE2 is converted to PGF2a by CBR1 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
PGH2 is reduced to PGF2a by AKR1C3 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET) (Mus musculus)
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 11,12-EET by CYP(5) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 14,15-EET by CYP(5) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 5,6-EET by CYP(4) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonate is epoxidated to 8,9-EET by CYP(5) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine shuttle (Mus musculus)
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Btn-ACACB:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
pAMPK inactivates ACACB, inhibiting malonyl-CoA synthesis (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
Conversion of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to palmitate (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Formation of Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA (liver) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Mus musculus)
ELOVL1,2,3,5 elongate AA-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODCT-CoA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL3,6,7 elongate PALM-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3OOD-CoA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL7 elongates ICS-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODC-CoA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3,12 hydrogenates 3OOD-CoA to 3HODC-CoA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
TECR,TECRL dehydrogenate TOD-CoA to ST-CoA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Peroxisomal lipid metabolism (Mus musculus)
Beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (Mus musculus)
Peroxisomal uptake of very long-chain fatty acyl CoA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ketone body metabolism (Mus musculus)
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Mus musculus)
BDH2 dehydrogenates 3HBA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Mus musculus)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Mus musculus)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Mus musculus)
CYP7B1 7-hydroxylates 25OH-CHOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol is hydroxylated to 25-hydroxycholesterol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Mus musculus)
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP39A1 7-hydroxylates 24OH-CHOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,24(S)DIOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,24(S)-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol (Mus musculus)
27-hydroxycholesterol is 7alpha-hydroxylated (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,27DONE (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,27-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Mus musculus)
4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
7alpha-hydroxycholesterol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7A1 7-hydroxylates CHOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7aOLONE (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol [TM7SF2] (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (zymosterone) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one is reduced to 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via desmosterol (Mus musculus)
Cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to desmosterol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol is desaturated to form cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via lathosterol (Mus musculus)
DHCR24 reduces ZYMOL to ZYMSTNL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR7 reduces 7-dehydroCHOL to CHOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SC5D desaturates LTHSOL to 7-dehydroCHOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR24 reduces LAN to 24,25-dhLAN (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCR dimer reduces bHMG-CoA to MVA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCS1 condenses Ac-CoA and ACA-CoA to form bHMG-CoA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Squalene is oxidized to its epoxide (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Zymosterone (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one) is reduced to zymosterol (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroid hormones (Mus musculus)
Androgen biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates P4 to 17aHPROG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPREG to DHA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPROG to ANDST (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3-like proteins reducde ANDST to TEST (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD2B1 dimer, HSD3B2 dimer isomerise DHA to ANDST (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A1 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A2 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A3 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Estrogen biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP19A1 hydroxylates TEST to EST17b (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B1 hydrogenates E1 to EST17b (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B11 dehydrogenates EST17b to E1 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B14 tetramer oxidises estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B2 oxidises estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucocorticoid biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
17-Hydroxypregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione-17-ol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP21A2 oxidises 17HPROG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2,HSD11B1 dimer oxidise CORT to COR (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
Reduction of isocaproaldehyde to 4-methylpentan-1-ol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism (Mus musculus)
CYP24A1 hydroxylates 1,25(OH)2D, inactivating it (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP27B1 hydroxylates 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Mus musculus)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
Synthesis of PA (Mus musculus)
DHAP is converted to G3P by GPD1/GPD1L (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid metabolism (Mus musculus)
Glycosphingolipid metabolism (Mus musculus)
Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
CERK phosphorylates CERA to form C1P (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosphingolipid catabolism (Mus musculus)
ENPP7 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD2 and 3 hydrolyze sphingomyelin (plasma membrane) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD4 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (ER membrane) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid catabolism (Mus musculus)
ALDH3A2-1 oxidises HD2NAL to PALM (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B1 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B2 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
ABCC1,ABCG2 transport C18-S1P to extracellular region (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ceramide synthases transfer acyl-CoA onto sphingoid (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS1 dehydrogenates dihydroceramide (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
DEGS2 oxygenates dihydroceramide (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
FA2H hydroxylates 1,2-saturated fatty acids (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
KDSR reduces 3-ketosphingoid (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK1 phosphorylates sphingoid (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SPHK2 phosphorylates sphingoid (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SPTLC complexes transfer acyl-CoA onto serine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax and plasmalogen biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
Plasmalogen biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
DHRS7B reduces GO3P to HXDG3P (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
FAR1 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
FAR2 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation (Mus musculus)
eNOS activation (Mus musculus)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Depalmitoylation of eNOS (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Uncoupled eNOS favours the formation of superoxide (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Mus musculus)
Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Mus musculus)
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS2] (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS] (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
dCMP + H2O => dUMP + NH4+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine + ATP => GAR + ADP + Pi (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
AIR + CO2 => CAIR (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CAIR + Aspartate + ATP => SAICAR + ADP + Pi (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAM + ATP => AIR + ADP + Pi (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => FGAM + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
GAR + 10-Formyl-THF => FGAR + THF (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + H2O + NAD+ => XMP + NADH + H+ [IMPDH1,2] (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS] (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
CAD hexamer dehydrates N-carb-L-Asp to (S)-DHO (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms CAP to N-carb-L-Asp (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms L-Gln to CAP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
UMPS dimer decarboxylates OMP to UMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide catabolism (Mus musculus)
Purine catabolism (Mus musculus)
Guanine + H2O => Xanthine + NH4+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Mus musculus)
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-ATP to 2-oxo-AMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-dATP to 2-oxo-dAMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dATP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-ATP to N6-methyl-AMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dATP to N6-methyl-dAMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes O6-methyl-dGTP to O6-methyl-dGMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-GDP to 8-oxo-GMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dADP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates hypoxanthine to form xanthine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates xanthine to form urate (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine catabolism (Mus musculus)
5,6-dihydrothymine + H2O => beta-ureidoisobutyrate (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O => beta-ureidopropionate (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidoisobutyrate + H2O => 3-aminoisobutyrate + NH4+ + CO2 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidopropionate + H2O => beta-alanine + NH4+ + CO2 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
thymine + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrothymine + NADP+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
uracil + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Mus musculus)
Purine salvage (Mus musculus)
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-AMP to IMP and methylamine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dAMP to dIMP and methylamine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
GMP + NADPH + H+ => IMP + NADP+ + NH4+ (GMPR,GMPR2) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of porphyrins (Mus musculus)
Heme biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALAD condenses 2 dALAs to form PBG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO1 to COPRO1 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO3 to COPRO3 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Mus musculus)
Metabolism of cofactors (Mus musculus)
NADPH regeneration (Mus musculus)
isocitrate + NADP+ => 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation (Mus musculus)
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to q-BH2 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (Mus musculus)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Mus musculus)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Mus musculus)
Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport and metabolism (Mus musculus)
Cobalamin (Cbl) metabolism (Mus musculus)
Cob(I)alamin bound to MMACHC is oxidized to cob(II)alamin (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC dealkylates RCbl (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC decyanates CNCbl (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTRR reduces cob(II)alamin to meCbl (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of folate and pterines (Mus musculus)
5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate + NADP+ <=> 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + NADPH + H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH1L1 dehydrogenates 10-formyl-THFPG to THFPG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHF is reduced to tetrahydrofolate (THF) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR dimer reduces FOLA to DHF (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR2 reduces FOLA to DHF (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFD1 dimer dehydrogenates 5,10-methenyl-THFPG to 5,10-methylene-THFPG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFR dimer reduces 5,10-methylene-THFPG to 5-methyl-THFPG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFS transforms 5-formyl-THFPG to 5,10-methenyl-THFPG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Mus musculus)
NMRK1 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK1 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Mus musculus)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
QPRT transfers PRIB to QUIN to form NAMN (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Mus musculus)
2xENPP1 hydrolyzes FAD to FMN (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
RFK:Mg2+ phosphorylates RIB (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Mus musculus)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
3xPPCDC:3FMN decarboxylates PPC (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY phosphorylates DP-CoA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
DCAKD phosphorylates DP-CoA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK1/3 phosphorylate PanK (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK2 phosphorylates PanK (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin C (ascorbate) metabolism (Mus musculus)
CYB5R3:FAD reduces CYB5A:ferriheme to CYB5A:heme (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (Mus musculus)
Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (cytosol) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (cytosol) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Mus musculus)
Post-translational protein modification (Mus musculus)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Mus musculus)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Mus musculus)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Mus musculus)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
TSTA3 dimer reduces GDP-KDGal to GDP-Fuc (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sialic acid metabolism (Mus musculus)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GDP-mannose (Mus musculus)
GMPPB converts Mannose-1-phosphate to GDP-Mannose (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1 phosphorylates Mannose to Man6P (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Mus musculus)
NAGK dimer phosphorylates GlcNAc, GlcNGc to GlcNAc-6-P, GlcNGc-6-P (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation (Mus musculus)
Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine (Mus musculus)
DHPS tetramer synthesizes Dhp-K50-EIF5A from EIF5A and spermidine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHPS tetramer synthesizes EIF5A and spermidine from Dhp-K50-EIF5A (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
DOHH:Fe2+ hydroxylates Dhp-K50-EIF5A to form Hyp-K50-EIF5A (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Post-translational modification: synthesis of GPI-anchored proteins (Mus musculus)
Synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) (Mus musculus)
phosphatidylinositol + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine -> N-acetylglucosaminyl-PI + UDP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Muscle contraction (Mus musculus)
Cardiac conduction (Mus musculus)
Ion homeostasis (Mus musculus)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Mus musculus)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Mus musculus)
Neurotransmitter release cycle (Mus musculus)
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Mus musculus)
Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicles (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Mus musculus)
GABA synthesis (Mus musculus)
PXLP-K405-GAD1 decarboxylates L-Glu to form GABA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GABA by GAD2 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Mus musculus)
SLC1A1-3,6,7 exchange L-Glu, H+ and 3Na+ for K+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism In glial cells (Mus musculus)
Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism (Mus musculus)
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL] (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sensory Perception (Mus musculus)
Visual phototransduction (Mus musculus)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Mus musculus)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision) (Mus musculus)
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH12 reduces atRAL to atROL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5 oxidises 11cROL to 11cRAL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
RPE65 isomero-hydrolyses atREs to 11cROL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
The retinoid cycle in cones (daylight vision) (Mus musculus)
atRAL is reduced to atROL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Mus musculus)
Signaling by GPCR (Mus musculus)
GPCR downstream signalling (Mus musculus)
G alpha (i) signalling events (Mus musculus)
Opioid Signalling (Mus musculus)
G-protein mediated events (Mus musculus)
PLC beta mediated events (Mus musculus)
Ca-dependent events (Mus musculus)
phospho-PLA2 pathway (Mus musculus)
PLA2G4A (cPLA2) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
G alpha (q) signalling events (Mus musculus)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Mus musculus)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Mus musculus)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (Mus musculus)
ESR-mediated signaling (Mus musculus)
Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling (Mus musculus)
eNOS synthesizes NO (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Retinoic Acid (Mus musculus)
RA biosynthesis pathway (Mus musculus)
ADH1A,1C,4 oxidise atROL to atRAL in vitro (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
AKR1C3 reduces atRAL to atROL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH8A1 oxidises 9cRAL to 9cRA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDHs oxidise atRAL to atRA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP26A1,B1,C1 4-hydroxylate atRA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,16,DHRS9,RDHE2 oxidise atROL to atRAL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11,14,DHRS3,DRHS4 reduce atRAL to atROL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5,RDH11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (Mus musculus)
Signaling by Insulin receptor (Mus musculus)
Insulin receptor recycling (Mus musculus)
Endosome acidification (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by VEGF (Mus musculus)
VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway (Mus musculus)
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
VEGFR2 mediated vascular permeability (Mus musculus)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Rho GTPases, Miro GTPases and RHOBTB3 (Mus musculus)
Signaling by Rho GTPases (Mus musculus)
RHO GTPase Effectors (Mus musculus)
RHO GTPases Activate NADPH Oxidases (Mus musculus)
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX1 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX3 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Production of phagocyte oxygen radicals by NOX2 complex bound to RAC2:GTP (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Mus musculus)
Ion channel transport (Mus musculus)
Ion transport by P-type ATPases (Mus musculus)
ATP12A:ATP4B exchanges K+ for H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP4A:ATP4B exchanges K+ for H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Stimuli-sensing channels (Mus musculus)
CLCN4/5/6 exchange Cl- for H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CLCN7:OSTM1 exchanges Cl- for H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9B1/C2 exchange Na+ for H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Iron uptake and transport (Mus musculus)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ferritin Complex oxidises 4Fe2+ to Fe(3+)O(OH) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Transferrin endocytosis and recycling (Mus musculus)
Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Mus musculus)
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes (Mus musculus)
Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen (Mus musculus)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ hydrate CO2 to HCO3- (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYB5Rs reduce MetHb to HbA (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemoglobin A is protonated and carbamated causing release of oxygen (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide (Mus musculus)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ dehydrate HCO3- to CO2 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemoglobin A binds O2, releasing H+ and CO2 (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport (Mus musculus)
Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds (Mus musculus)
Inositol transporters (Mus musculus)
HMIT co-transports myo-inositol with a proton (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
MATEs mediate extrusion of xenobiotics (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metal ion SLC transporters (Mus musculus)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic cation/anion/zwitterion transport (Mus musculus)
Organic cation transport (Mus musculus)
SLC22A18 exchanges extracellular organic cations for cytosolic H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport (Mus musculus)
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from cytosol to extracellular region (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
BSG:MCTs cotransport LACT, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC16A3,7,8 cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport (Mus musculus)
RhBG mediates ammonium effflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
RhBG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium efflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides (Mus musculus)
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane (Mus musculus)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC38A3-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and alanine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC38A5-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and serine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Bicarbonate transporters (Mus musculus)
Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger transport (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Multifunctional anion exchangers (Mus musculus)
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic anion transporters (Mus musculus)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC17A6,7,8 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,22 import L-Glu, H+ (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (Mus musculus)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton/oligopeptide cotransporters (Mus musculus)
Proton-coupled histidine and di-peptide cotransport (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A1 transports di-/tri-peptides and peptide-like drugs (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC1A1,2,3,6,7 cotransport L-Glu,L-Asp,D-Asp,H+,3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sodium/Proton exchangers (Mus musculus)
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at cell membrane) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at trans-golgi membrane) (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A6,7 exchange Na+ for H+ across the early endosome membrane (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A9 exchanges Na+ for H+ across the late endosome membrane (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transport (Mus musculus)
H+ [cytosol]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis biological processes (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Chorismate via Shikimate Pathway (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
DHQ from DAHP dephosphorylation (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
H+ [cytosol]
Shikimate results from hydration of DHS (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
H+ [cytosol]
Dimycocersyl phthiocerol biosynthesis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
FadD26, FadD28 transfer LCFA adenylate ester to Pks5 (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
H+ [cytosol]
FadD26, FadD28 transfer adenylyl group to a LCFA (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
H+ [cytosol]
Pks5 transforms LFCA adenylate ester to mycocerosyl (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
H+ [cytosol]
Mycothiol metabolism (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Mycothiol-dependent detoxification (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
formylmycothiol hydrolyzes into mycothiol and formate (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
H+ [cytosol]
mycothiol binds formaldehyde and is dehydrogenated (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
H+ [cytosol]
mycothiol is oxidized to mycothione (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
H+ [cytosol]
mycothione is reduced to mycothiol (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
H+ [cytosol]
Sulfur compound metabolism (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Sulfate assimilation (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
APS is phosphorylated to PAPS (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
H+ [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Cysteine synthesis from O-acetylserine (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
sulfite is reduced to sulfide (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
H+ [cytosol]
sulfite results from reduction of APS (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
H+ [cytosol]
Trehalose biosynthesis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Glucose is transferred from UDP-glucose onto glucose-6-phosphate (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
H+ [cytosol]
Cellular responses to stimuli (Plasmodium falciparum)
Cellular responses to stress (Plasmodium falciparum)
Cellular response to chemical stress (Plasmodium falciparum)
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Plasmodium falciparum)
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Drug ADME (Plasmodium falciparum)
Azathioprine ADME (Plasmodium falciparum)
GMPS dimer transforms 6TXMP to 6TGMP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Gene expression (Transcription) (Plasmodium falciparum)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription (Plasmodium falciparum)
Generic Transcription Pathway (Plasmodium falciparum)
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 (Plasmodium falciparum)
TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes (Plasmodium falciparum)
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemostasis (Plasmodium falciparum)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation (Plasmodium falciparum)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Plasmodium falciparum)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Plasmodium falciparum)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (Plasmodium falciparum)
Platelet degranulation (Plasmodium falciparum)
ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Platelet homeostasis (Plasmodium falciparum)
Platelet calcium homeostasis (Plasmodium falciparum)
Reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels (Plasmodium falciparum)
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Immune System (Plasmodium falciparum)
Innate Immune System (Plasmodium falciparum)
Antimicrobial peptides (Plasmodium falciparum)
Ion influx/efflux at host-pathogen interface (Plasmodium falciparum)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
ROS and RNS production in phagocytes (Plasmodium falciparum)
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Plasmodium falciparum)
Pyruvate metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
HAGH hydrolyses (R)-S-LGSH to GSH and LACT (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Plasmodium falciparum)
Aspartate and asparagine metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
PYCR3 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine catabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
CARNMT1 methylates CARN to Anserine (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
Metabolism of ingested MeSeO2H into MeSeH (Plasmodium falciparum)
MeSeO2H is reduced to MeSeOH by TXNRD1 (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
MeSeOH is reduced to MeSeH by TXNRD1 (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenocysteine synthesis (Plasmodium falciparum)
SEPHS2 phosphorylates H2Se to form SELP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Plasmodium falciparum)
Glucose metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
Gluconeogenesis (Plasmodium falciparum)
GAPDH tetramers reduce 1,3BPG to GA3P (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycolysis (Plasmodium falciparum)
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + orthophosphate + NAD+ <=> 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+ (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1,2,3,GCK,HKDC1 phosphorylate Glc to form G6P (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
PGM2L1:Mg2+ phosphorylates G6P to G1,6BP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
PKM dephosphorylates PEP to PYR (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Pentose phosphate pathway (Plasmodium falciparum)
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Plasmodium falciparum)
Fatty acid metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
Carnitine shuttle (Plasmodium falciparum)
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Btn-ACACB:2Mn2+ polymer carboxylates Ac-CoA to form Mal-CoA (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Plasmodium falciparum)
Formation of Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA (liver) (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD5 desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Plasmodium falciparum)
ELOVL1,2,3,5 elongate AA-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3ODCT-CoA (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
ELOVL3,6,7 elongate PALM-CoA and Mal-CoA to 3OOD-CoA (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3,12 hydrogenates 3OOD-CoA to 3HODC-CoA (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
TECR,TECRL dehydrogenate TOD-CoA to ST-CoA (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Plasmodium falciparum)
Metabolism of steroid hormones (Plasmodium falciparum)
Androgen biosynthesis (Plasmodium falciparum)
HSD17B3-like proteins reducde ANDST to TEST (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A3 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Plasmodium falciparum)
Synthesis of PA (Plasmodium falciparum)
DHAP is converted to G3P by GPD1/GPD1L (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
Glycosphingolipid metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
Glycosphingolipid catabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
SMPD2 and 3 hydrolyze sphingomyelin (plasma membrane) (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis (Plasmodium falciparum)
ABCC1,ABCG2 transport C18-S1P to extracellular region (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
CSNK1G2 phosphorylates p-CERT1-2 (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Ceramide synthases transfer acyl-CoA onto sphingoid (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
KDSR reduces 3-ketosphingoid (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation (Plasmodium falciparum)
eNOS activation (Plasmodium falciparum)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Uncoupled eNOS favours the formation of superoxide (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Plasmodium falciparum)
Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Plasmodium falciparum)
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS2] (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS] (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide biosynthesis (Plasmodium falciparum)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Plasmodium falciparum)
IMP + H2O + NAD+ => XMP + NADH + H+ [IMPDH1,2] (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS] (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Plasmodium falciparum)
CAD hexamer dehydrates N-carb-L-Asp to (S)-DHO (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms CAP to N-carb-L-Asp (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms L-Gln to CAP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide catabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
Purine catabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Plasmodium falciparum)
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-ATP to 2-oxo-AMP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-dATP to 2-oxo-dAMP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dATP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-ATP to N6-methyl-AMP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dATP to N6-methyl-dAMP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes O6-methyl-dGTP to O6-methyl-dGMP (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of porphyrins (Plasmodium falciparum)
Heme biosynthesis (Plasmodium falciparum)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
ALAD condenses 2 dALAs to form PBG (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO1 to COPRO1 (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
UROD decarboxylates URO3 to COPRO3 (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Plasmodium falciparum)
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Plasmodium falciparum)
Metabolism of folate and pterines (Plasmodium falciparum)
5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate + NADP+ <=> 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + NADPH + H+ (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFD1 dimer dehydrogenates 5,10-methenyl-THFPG to 5,10-methylene-THFPG (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFS transforms 5-formyl-THFPG to 5,10-methenyl-THFPG (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
Nicotinamide salvaging (Plasmodium falciparum)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
RFK:Mg2+ phosphorylates RIB (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Plasmodium falciparum)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
3xPPCDC:3FMN decarboxylates PPC (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
DCAKD phosphorylates DP-CoA (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (Plasmodium falciparum)
Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (cytosol) (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (cytosol) (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Plasmodium falciparum)
Post-translational protein modification (Plasmodium falciparum)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Plasmodium falciparum)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Plasmodium falciparum)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Plasmodium falciparum)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Plasmodium falciparum)
TSTA3 dimer reduces GDP-KDGal to GDP-Fuc (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GDP-mannose (Plasmodium falciparum)
HK1 phosphorylates Mannose to Man6P (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation (Plasmodium falciparum)
Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine (Plasmodium falciparum)
DHPS tetramer synthesizes Dhp-K50-EIF5A from EIF5A and spermidine (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
DHPS tetramer synthesizes EIF5A and spermidine from Dhp-K50-EIF5A (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
DOHH:Fe2+ hydroxylates Dhp-K50-EIF5A to form Hyp-K50-EIF5A (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Muscle contraction (Plasmodium falciparum)
Cardiac conduction (Plasmodium falciparum)
Ion homeostasis (Plasmodium falciparum)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Plasmodium falciparum)
Signaling by GPCR (Plasmodium falciparum)
GPCR downstream signalling (Plasmodium falciparum)
G alpha (q) signalling events (Plasmodium falciparum)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Plasmodium falciparum)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Plasmodium falciparum)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (Plasmodium falciparum)
ESR-mediated signaling (Plasmodium falciparum)
Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling (Plasmodium falciparum)
eNOS synthesizes NO (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (Plasmodium falciparum)
Signaling by Insulin receptor (Plasmodium falciparum)
Insulin receptor recycling (Plasmodium falciparum)
Endosome acidification (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by VEGF (Plasmodium falciparum)
VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway (Plasmodium falciparum)
VEGFR2 mediated vascular permeability (Plasmodium falciparum)
AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
eNOS synthesizes NO (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Plasmodium falciparum)
Ion channel transport (Plasmodium falciparum)
Ion transport by P-type ATPases (Plasmodium falciparum)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Iron uptake and transport (Plasmodium falciparum)
ABCG2 tetramer transports heme from cytosol to extracellular region (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Transferrin endocytosis and recycling (Plasmodium falciparum)
Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes (Plasmodium falciparum)
Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen (Plasmodium falciparum)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ hydrate CO2 to HCO3- (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide (Plasmodium falciparum)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ dehydrate HCO3- to CO2 (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport (Plasmodium falciparum)
Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds (Plasmodium falciparum)
MATEs mediate extrusion of xenobiotics (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Metal ion SLC transporters (Plasmodium falciparum)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic cation/anion/zwitterion transport (Plasmodium falciparum)
Organic cation transport (Plasmodium falciparum)
SLC22A18 exchanges extracellular organic cations for cytosolic H+ (Plasmodium falciparum)
H+ [cytosol]
Cellular responses to stimuli (Rattus norvegicus)
Cellular responses to stress (Rattus norvegicus)
Cellular response to chemical stress (Rattus norvegicus)
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Rattus norvegicus)
NOX2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX4, NOX5 reduce O2 to O2.- (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (cytosol) (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway (Rattus norvegicus)
Nuclear events mediated by NFE2L2 (Rattus norvegicus)
NFE2L2 regulating anti-oxidant/detoxification enzymes (Rattus norvegicus)
SRXN1 reduces hyperoxidized PRDX1 dimer (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
Drug ADME (Rattus norvegicus)
Abacavir ADME (Rattus norvegicus)
Abacavir metabolism (Rattus norvegicus)
abacavir + 2 NAD+ => abacavir 5'-carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
Aspirin ADME (Rattus norvegicus)
SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
Atorvastatin ADME (Rattus norvegicus)
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 2-OH-ATV (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 4-OH-ATV (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 2-OH-ATVL (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 4-OH-ATVL (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
PON1,3 hydrolyse ATVL to ATV (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes 2-OH-ATV to 2-OH-ATVL (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes 4-OH-ATV to 4-OH-ATVL (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes ATV to ATVL (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
Azathioprine ADME (Rattus norvegicus)
GMPS dimer transforms 6TXMP to 6TGMP (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6MP, forming 6MeMP (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6TIMP, forming 6MeTIMP (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH oxidises 6MP to 6TU (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ciprofloxacin ADME (Rattus norvegicus)
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
Paracetamol ADME (Rattus norvegicus)
CYP2E1 monooxygenates APAP to NAPQI (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
Prednisone ADME (Rattus norvegicus)
AKR1C1 hydrogenates PREDN,PREDL (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 oxidizes PREDN,PREDL (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B1 hydrogenates PREDN to PREDL in hepatic cell (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2 dehydrogenates PREDL to PREDN (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT2B7,2B17,1A3 glucuronidates PRED metabolites (Rattus norvegicus)
H+ [cytosol]
![H+ [cytosol] icon](/icon/R-ICO-012841.svg){kind=icon}