Reactome | NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

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NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Stable Identifier

R-ALL-113526

Type

Chemical Compound [SimpleEntity]

Compartment

mitochondrial matrix

Synonyms

NAD, NAD(+), Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, DPN, Diphosphopyridine nucleotide, NAD+

Locations in the PathwayBrowser

for Species:

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Cellular responses to stimuli (Bos taurus)

- Cellular responses to stress (Bos taurus)
  - Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) (Bos taurus)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates Ac-K272,K290-FOXO3 (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Bos taurus)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Bos taurus)
  - Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Bos taurus)
    - IDH3 complex decarboxylates isocitrate (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Maturation of TCA enzymes and regulation of TCA cycle (Bos taurus)
      - SIRT3 deacetylates AcK-IDH2 dimer (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - NNT dimer transfers proton from NADPH to NAD+ (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG (Bos taurus)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Pyruvate metabolism (Bos taurus)
    - ME2 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PDH complex synthesizes acetyl-CoA from PYR (Bos taurus)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Bos taurus)
      - Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (Bos taurus)
        
        SIRT4 cleaves lipoyl from DLAT (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Respiratory electron transport (Bos taurus)
    - Complex I oxidises NADH to NAD+, reduces CoQ to CoQH2 (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Malate-aspartate shuttle (Bos taurus)
      - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Biological oxidations (Bos taurus)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Bos taurus)
    - Ethanol oxidation (Bos taurus)
      - ALDH1B1 tetramer oxidises CH3CHO to CH3COOH (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial] (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Bos taurus)
  - Branched-chain amino acid catabolism (Bos taurus)
  - Choline catabolism (Bos taurus)
    - ALDH7A1 oxidises BETALD to BET (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Bos taurus)
    - PYCR1 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ <=> glutamate + NAD(P)+ [GLUD1] (Bos taurus)
      - NAD(P)+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - glutamate + NAD(P)+ => alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ [GLUD1] (Bos taurus)
      - NAD(P)+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation (Bos taurus)
    - ALDH4A1 dimer dehydrogenates 4-OH-L-glutamate semialdehyde to 4-OH-L-glutamate (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Glycine degradation (Bos taurus)
      - DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Lysine catabolism (Bos taurus)
    - OADH complex synthesizes glutaryl-CoA from 2-OA (Bos taurus)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-aminoadipoate semialdehyde + NAD+ => alpha-aminoadipate + NADH + H+ (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - saccharopine + NAD+ + H2O => alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde + glutamate + NADH + H+ (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Proline catabolism (Bos taurus)
    - ALDH4A1 oxidises L-GluSS to Glu (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of lipids (Bos taurus)
  - Fatty acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
    - Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation (Bos taurus)
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids (Bos taurus)
        
        Beta oxidation of butanoyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA (Bos taurus)
        
        (S)-Hydroxybutanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>Acetoacetyl-CoA+NADH+H (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of decanoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA-CoA (Bos taurus)
        
        (S)-Hydroxydecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of hexanoyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA (Bos taurus)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of lauroyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA-CoA (Bos taurus)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA (Bos taurus)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of octanoyl-CoA to hexanoyl-CoA (Bos taurus)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to myristoyl-CoA (Bos taurus)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxopalmitoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (Bos taurus)
        
        Reduction of 2-trans-4-cis-decadienoyl-CoA to form 3-trans-decenoyl-CoA (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Ketone body metabolism (Bos taurus)
    - Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Bos taurus)
      - acetoacetic acid + NADH + H+ <=> beta-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+ (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Utilization of Ketone Bodies (Bos taurus)
      - D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Bos taurus)
  - Metabolism of cofactors (Bos taurus)
    - Ubiquinol biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
      - COQ7:COQ9 octamer hydroxylates DMQ10H2 (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Bos taurus)
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Bos taurus)
      - MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methylene-THF to 5,10-methenyl-THF (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Nicotinate metabolism (Bos taurus)
      - NADK2 dimer phosphorylates NAD+ to NADP+ (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Neuronal System (Bos taurus)

- Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Bos taurus)
  - Neurotransmitter clearance (Bos taurus)
    - Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft (Bos taurus)
      - Metabolism of serotonin (Bos taurus)
        
        5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Neurotransmitter release cycle (Bos taurus)
    - GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Bos taurus)
      - Degradation of GABA (Bos taurus)
        
        ALDH5A1 dehydrogenates SUCCSA to SUCCA (Bos taurus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Organelle biogenesis and maintenance (Bos taurus)

- Mitochondrial biogenesis (Bos taurus)
  - Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis (Bos taurus)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Bos taurus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
  - Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    - IDH3 complex decarboxylates isocitrate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - NNT dimer transfers proton from NADPH to NAD+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Pyruvate metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    - LDHAL6B reduces PYR to LACT (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - ME2 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PDH complex synthesizes acetyl-CoA from PYR (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        SIRT4 cleaves lipoyl from DLAT (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Respiratory electron transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    - Malate-aspartate shuttle (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Biological oxidations (Caenorhabditis elegans)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    - Ethanol oxidation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - ALDH1B1 tetramer oxidises CH3CHO to CH3COOH (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Caenorhabditis elegans)
  - Branched-chain amino acid catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
  - Choline catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    - ALDH7A1 oxidises BETALD to BET (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
  - Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    - Glycine degradation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Lysine catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    - OADH complex synthesizes glutaryl-CoA from 2-OA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-aminoadipoate semialdehyde + NAD+ => alpha-aminoadipate + NADH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - saccharopine + NAD+ + H2O => alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde + glutamate + NADH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of lipids (Caenorhabditis elegans)
  - Fatty acid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    - Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        Beta oxidation of butanoyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        (S)-Hydroxybutanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>Acetoacetyl-CoA+NADH+H (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of decanoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        (S)-Hydroxydecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of hexanoyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of lauroyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of octanoyl-CoA to hexanoyl-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to myristoyl-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxopalmitoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        Reduction of 2-trans-4-cis-decadienoyl-CoA to form 3-trans-decenoyl-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Caenorhabditis elegans)
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    - Nicotinate metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - NADK2 dimer phosphorylates NAD+ to NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Neuronal System (Caenorhabditis elegans)

- Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Caenorhabditis elegans)
  - Neurotransmitter clearance (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    - Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - Metabolism of serotonin (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Neurotransmitter release cycle (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    - GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - Degradation of GABA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        ALDH5A1 dehydrogenates SUCCSA to SUCCA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Organelle biogenesis and maintenance (Caenorhabditis elegans)

- Mitochondrial biogenesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
  - Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    - SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Caenorhabditis elegans)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Cellular responses to stimuli (Canis familiaris)

- Cellular responses to stress (Canis familiaris)
  - Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) (Canis familiaris)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates Ac-K272,K290-FOXO3 (Canis familiaris)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Canis familiaris)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Canis familiaris)
  - Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Canis familiaris)
    - IDH3 complex decarboxylates isocitrate (Canis familiaris)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Canis familiaris)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Maturation of TCA enzymes and regulation of TCA cycle (Canis familiaris)
      - SIRT3 deacetylates AcK-IDH2 dimer (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - NNT dimer transfers proton from NADPH to NAD+ (Canis familiaris)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG (Canis familiaris)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Pyruvate metabolism (Canis familiaris)
    - LDHAL6B reduces PYR to LACT (Canis familiaris)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - ME2 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Canis familiaris)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PDH complex synthesizes acetyl-CoA from PYR (Canis familiaris)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Canis familiaris)
      - Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (Canis familiaris)
        
        SIRT4 cleaves lipoyl from DLAT (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Respiratory electron transport (Canis familiaris)
    - Complex I oxidises NADH to NAD+, reduces CoQ to CoQH2 (Canis familiaris)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Malate-aspartate shuttle (Canis familiaris)
      - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Biological oxidations (Canis familiaris)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Canis familiaris)
    - Ethanol oxidation (Canis familiaris)
      - ALDH1B1 tetramer oxidises CH3CHO to CH3COOH (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial] (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Canis familiaris)
  - Branched-chain amino acid catabolism (Canis familiaris)
  - Choline catabolism (Canis familiaris)
    - ALDH7A1 oxidises BETALD to BET (Canis familiaris)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Canis familiaris)
  - Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation (Canis familiaris)
    - ALDH4A1 dimer dehydrogenates 4-OH-L-glutamate semialdehyde to 4-OH-L-glutamate (Canis familiaris)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Glycine degradation (Canis familiaris)
      - DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Lysine catabolism (Canis familiaris)
    - OADH complex synthesizes glutaryl-CoA from 2-OA (Canis familiaris)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-aminoadipoate semialdehyde + NAD+ => alpha-aminoadipate + NADH + H+ (Canis familiaris)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - saccharopine + NAD+ + H2O => alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde + glutamate + NADH + H+ (Canis familiaris)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Proline catabolism (Canis familiaris)
    - ALDH4A1 oxidises L-GluSS to Glu (Canis familiaris)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of lipids (Canis familiaris)
  - Fatty acid metabolism (Canis familiaris)
    - Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation (Canis familiaris)
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids (Canis familiaris)
        
        Beta oxidation of butanoyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA (Canis familiaris)
        
        (S)-Hydroxybutanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>Acetoacetyl-CoA+NADH+H (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of decanoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA-CoA (Canis familiaris)
        
        (S)-Hydroxydecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of hexanoyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA (Canis familiaris)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of lauroyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA-CoA (Canis familiaris)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA (Canis familiaris)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of octanoyl-CoA to hexanoyl-CoA (Canis familiaris)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to myristoyl-CoA (Canis familiaris)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxopalmitoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (Canis familiaris)
        
        Reduction of 2-trans-4-cis-decadienoyl-CoA to form 3-trans-decenoyl-CoA (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Ketone body metabolism (Canis familiaris)
    - Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Canis familiaris)
      - acetoacetic acid + NADH + H+ <=> beta-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+ (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Utilization of Ketone Bodies (Canis familiaris)
      - D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Canis familiaris)
  - Metabolism of cofactors (Canis familiaris)
    - Ubiquinol biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
      - COQ7:COQ9 octamer hydroxylates DMQ10H2 (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Canis familiaris)
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Canis familiaris)
      - MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methylene-THF to 5,10-methenyl-THF (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Nicotinate metabolism (Canis familiaris)
      - NADK2 dimer phosphorylates NAD+ to NADP+ (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Neuronal System (Canis familiaris)

- Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Canis familiaris)
  - Neurotransmitter clearance (Canis familiaris)
    - Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft (Canis familiaris)
      - Metabolism of serotonin (Canis familiaris)
        
        5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Neurotransmitter release cycle (Canis familiaris)
    - GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Canis familiaris)
      - Degradation of GABA (Canis familiaris)
        
        ALDH5A1 dehydrogenates SUCCSA to SUCCA (Canis familiaris)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Organelle biogenesis and maintenance (Canis familiaris)

- Mitochondrial biogenesis (Canis familiaris)
  - Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis (Canis familiaris)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Canis familiaris)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Canis familiaris)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Danio rerio)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Danio rerio)
  - Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Danio rerio)
    - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Danio rerio)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - NNT dimer transfers proton from NADPH to NAD+ (Danio rerio)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG (Danio rerio)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Pyruvate metabolism (Danio rerio)
    - LDHAL6B reduces PYR to LACT (Danio rerio)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - ME2 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Danio rerio)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Danio rerio)
      - Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (Danio rerio)
        
        SIRT4 cleaves lipoyl from DLAT (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Respiratory electron transport (Danio rerio)
    - Complex I oxidises NADH to NAD+, reduces CoQ to CoQH2 (Danio rerio)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Malate-aspartate shuttle (Danio rerio)
      - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Biological oxidations (Danio rerio)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Danio rerio)
    - Ethanol oxidation (Danio rerio)
      - ALDH1B1 tetramer oxidises CH3CHO to CH3COOH (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial] (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Danio rerio)
  - Branched-chain amino acid catabolism (Danio rerio)
  - Choline catabolism (Danio rerio)
    - ALDH7A1 oxidises BETALD to BET (Danio rerio)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Danio rerio)
    - PYCR1 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Danio rerio)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Danio rerio)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ <=> glutamate + NAD(P)+ [GLUD1] (Danio rerio)
      - NAD(P)+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - glutamate + NAD(P)+ => alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ [GLUD1] (Danio rerio)
      - NAD(P)+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation (Danio rerio)
    - ALDH4A1 dimer dehydrogenates 4-OH-L-glutamate semialdehyde to 4-OH-L-glutamate (Danio rerio)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Glycine degradation (Danio rerio)
      - DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Lysine catabolism (Danio rerio)
    - OADH complex synthesizes glutaryl-CoA from 2-OA (Danio rerio)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-aminoadipoate semialdehyde + NAD+ => alpha-aminoadipate + NADH + H+ (Danio rerio)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - saccharopine + NAD+ + H2O => alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde + glutamate + NADH + H+ (Danio rerio)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Proline catabolism (Danio rerio)
    - ALDH4A1 oxidises L-GluSS to Glu (Danio rerio)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of lipids (Danio rerio)
  - Fatty acid metabolism (Danio rerio)
    - Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation (Danio rerio)
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids (Danio rerio)
        
        Beta oxidation of butanoyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA (Danio rerio)
        
        (S)-Hydroxybutanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>Acetoacetyl-CoA+NADH+H (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of decanoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA-CoA (Danio rerio)
        
        (S)-Hydroxydecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of hexanoyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA (Danio rerio)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of lauroyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA-CoA (Danio rerio)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA (Danio rerio)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of octanoyl-CoA to hexanoyl-CoA (Danio rerio)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to myristoyl-CoA (Danio rerio)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxopalmitoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Ketone body metabolism (Danio rerio)
    - Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Danio rerio)
      - acetoacetic acid + NADH + H+ <=> beta-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+ (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Utilization of Ketone Bodies (Danio rerio)
      - D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Danio rerio)
  - Metabolism of cofactors (Danio rerio)
    - Ubiquinol biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
      - COQ7:COQ9 octamer hydroxylates DMQ10H2 (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Danio rerio)
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Danio rerio)
      - MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methylene-THF to 5,10-methenyl-THF (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Neuronal System (Danio rerio)

- Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Danio rerio)
  - Neurotransmitter clearance (Danio rerio)
    - Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft (Danio rerio)
      - Metabolism of serotonin (Danio rerio)
        
        5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Danio rerio)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Organelle biogenesis and maintenance (Danio rerio)

- Mitochondrial biogenesis (Danio rerio)
  - Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis (Danio rerio)
    - SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Danio rerio)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Dictyostelium discoideum)
  - Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
    - IDH3 complex decarboxylates isocitrate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - NNT dimer transfers proton from NADPH to NAD+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG (Dictyostelium discoideum)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Dictyostelium discoideum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Pyruvate metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
    - PDH complex synthesizes acetyl-CoA from PYR (Dictyostelium discoideum)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Dictyostelium discoideum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Biological oxidations (Dictyostelium discoideum)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Dictyostelium discoideum)
    - Ethanol oxidation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
      - ALDH1B1 tetramer oxidises CH3CHO to CH3COOH (Dictyostelium discoideum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial] (Dictyostelium discoideum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Dictyostelium discoideum)
  - Branched-chain amino acid catabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
  - Choline catabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
    - ALDH7A1 oxidises BETALD to BET (Dictyostelium discoideum)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
  - Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
    - Glycine degradation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
      - DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Lysine catabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
    - OADH complex synthesizes glutaryl-CoA from 2-OA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Dictyostelium discoideum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-aminoadipoate semialdehyde + NAD+ => alpha-aminoadipate + NADH + H+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - saccharopine + NAD+ + H2O => alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde + glutamate + NADH + H+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Dictyostelium discoideum)
  - Metabolism of cofactors (Dictyostelium discoideum)
    - Ubiquinol biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
      - COQ7:COQ9 octamer hydroxylates DMQ10H2 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Dictyostelium discoideum)
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Dictyostelium discoideum)
      - MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methylene-THF to 5,10-methenyl-THF (Dictyostelium discoideum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Neuronal System (Dictyostelium discoideum)

- Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Dictyostelium discoideum)
  - Neurotransmitter clearance (Dictyostelium discoideum)
    - Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft (Dictyostelium discoideum)
      - Metabolism of serotonin (Dictyostelium discoideum)
        
        5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Dictyostelium discoideum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Organelle biogenesis and maintenance (Dictyostelium discoideum)

- Mitochondrial biogenesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
  - Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Drosophila melanogaster)
  - Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Drosophila melanogaster)
    - IDH3 complex decarboxylates isocitrate (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Pyruvate metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
    - LDHAL6B reduces PYR to LACT (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - ME2 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PDH complex synthesizes acetyl-CoA from PYR (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        SIRT4 cleaves lipoyl from DLAT (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Respiratory electron transport (Drosophila melanogaster)
    - Complex I oxidises NADH to NAD+, reduces CoQ to CoQH2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Malate-aspartate shuttle (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Biological oxidations (Drosophila melanogaster)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Drosophila melanogaster)
    - Ethanol oxidation (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - ALDH1B1 tetramer oxidises CH3CHO to CH3COOH (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial] (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Drosophila melanogaster)
  - Branched-chain amino acid catabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
  - Choline catabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
    - ALDH7A1 oxidises BETALD to BET (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
  - Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation (Drosophila melanogaster)
    - Glycine degradation (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Lysine catabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
    - OADH complex synthesizes glutaryl-CoA from 2-OA (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-aminoadipoate semialdehyde + NAD+ => alpha-aminoadipate + NADH + H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - saccharopine + NAD+ + H2O => alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde + glutamate + NADH + H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of lipids (Drosophila melanogaster)
  - Fatty acid metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
    - Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to myristoyl-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxopalmitoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Ketone body metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
    - Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - acetoacetic acid + NADH + H+ <=> beta-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Utilization of Ketone Bodies (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Drosophila melanogaster)
  - Metabolism of cofactors (Drosophila melanogaster)
    - Ubiquinol biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - COQ7:COQ9 octamer hydroxylates DMQ10H2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Drosophila melanogaster)
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methylene-THF to 5,10-methenyl-THF (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Nicotinate metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - NADK2 dimer phosphorylates NAD+ to NADP+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Neuronal System (Drosophila melanogaster)

- Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Drosophila melanogaster)
  - Neurotransmitter clearance (Drosophila melanogaster)
    - Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - Metabolism of serotonin (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Neurotransmitter release cycle (Drosophila melanogaster)
    - GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - Degradation of GABA (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        ALDH5A1 dehydrogenates SUCCSA to SUCCA (Drosophila melanogaster)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Organelle biogenesis and maintenance (Drosophila melanogaster)

- Mitochondrial biogenesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
  - Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
    - SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Drosophila melanogaster)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Cellular responses to stimuli (Gallus gallus)

- Cellular responses to stress (Gallus gallus)
  - Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) (Gallus gallus)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates Ac-K272,K290-FOXO3 (Gallus gallus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Gallus gallus)

- Carbohydrate metabolism (Gallus gallus)
  - Gluconeogenesis (Gallus gallus)
    - oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ <=> malate + NAD+ (Gallus gallus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Lipid metabolism (Gallus gallus)
  - oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ <=> malate + NAD+ (Gallus gallus)
    - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Pyruvate metabolism (Gallus gallus)
  - pyruvate + CoASH + NAD+ => acetylCoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)
    - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- The tricarboxylic acid cycle (Gallus gallus)

Neuronal System (Gallus gallus)

- Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Gallus gallus)
  - Neurotransmitter clearance (Gallus gallus)
    - Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft (Gallus gallus)
      - Metabolism of serotonin (Gallus gallus)
        
        5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Gallus gallus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Neurotransmitter release cycle (Gallus gallus)
    - GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Gallus gallus)
      - Degradation of GABA (Gallus gallus)
        
        ALDH5A1 dehydrogenates SUCCSA to SUCCA (Gallus gallus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Organelle biogenesis and maintenance (Gallus gallus)

- Mitochondrial biogenesis (Gallus gallus)
  - Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis (Gallus gallus)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Gallus gallus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Gallus gallus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Cellular responses to stimuli (Homo sapiens)

- Cellular responses to stress (Homo sapiens)
  - Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) (Homo sapiens)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates Ac-K272,K290-FOXO3 (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Disease (Homo sapiens)

- Diseases of metabolism (Homo sapiens)
  - Diseases of branched-chain amino acid catabolism (Homo sapiens)
    - Maple Syrup Urine Disease (Homo sapiens)
      - Loss-of-function mutations in DLD cause MSUD3/DLDD (Homo sapiens)
        
        Loss-of-function DLD mutants don't dehydrogenate dihydrolipoyl DBT (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Homo sapiens)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Homo sapiens)
  - Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Homo sapiens)
    - IDH3 complex decarboxylates isocitrate (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Maturation of TCA enzymes and regulation of TCA cycle (Homo sapiens)
      - SIRT3 deacetylates AcK-IDH2 dimer (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - NNT dimer transfers proton from NADPH to NAD+ (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG (Homo sapiens)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Pyruvate metabolism (Homo sapiens)
    - LDHAL6B reduces PYR to LACT (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - ME2 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PDH complex synthesizes acetyl-CoA from PYR (Homo sapiens)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Homo sapiens)
      - Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (Homo sapiens)
        
        SIRT4 cleaves lipoyl from DLAT (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Respiratory electron transport (Homo sapiens)
    - Complex I oxidises NADH to NAD+, reduces CoQ to CoQH2 (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Malate-aspartate shuttle (Homo sapiens)
      - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Biological oxidations (Homo sapiens)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Homo sapiens)
    - Ethanol oxidation (Homo sapiens)
      - ALDH1B1 tetramer oxidises CH3CHO to CH3COOH (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial] (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Homo sapiens)
  - Branched-chain amino acid catabolism (Homo sapiens)
  - Choline catabolism (Homo sapiens)
    - ALDH7A1 oxidises BETALD to BET (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Homo sapiens)
    - PYCR1 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ <=> glutamate + NAD(P)+ [GLUD1] (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD(P)+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - glutamate + NAD(P)+ => alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ [GLUD1] (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD(P)+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation (Homo sapiens)
    - ALDH4A1 dimer dehydrogenates 4-OH-L-glutamate semialdehyde to 4-OH-L-glutamate (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Glycine degradation (Homo sapiens)
      - DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Lysine catabolism (Homo sapiens)
    - OADH complex synthesizes glutaryl-CoA from 2-OA (Homo sapiens)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-aminoadipoate semialdehyde + NAD+ => alpha-aminoadipate + NADH + H+ (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - saccharopine + NAD+ + H2O => alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde + glutamate + NADH + H+ (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Proline catabolism (Homo sapiens)
    - ALDH4A1 oxidises L-GluSS to Glu (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Threonine catabolism (Homo sapiens)
    - TDH tetramer oxidises L-Thr to 2A-3OB (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of lipids (Homo sapiens)
  - Fatty acid metabolism (Homo sapiens)
    - Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation (Homo sapiens)
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids (Homo sapiens)
        
        Beta oxidation of butanoyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA (Homo sapiens)
        
        (S)-Hydroxybutanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>Acetoacetyl-CoA+NADH+H (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of decanoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA-CoA (Homo sapiens)
        
        (S)-Hydroxydecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of hexanoyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA (Homo sapiens)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of lauroyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA-CoA (Homo sapiens)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA (Homo sapiens)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of octanoyl-CoA to hexanoyl-CoA (Homo sapiens)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to myristoyl-CoA (Homo sapiens)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxopalmitoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (Homo sapiens)
        
        Linoleoyl-CoA is converted to cis,cis-3,6- dodecadienoyl-CoA by three cycles of beta-oxidation (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Reduction of 2-trans-4-cis-decadienoyl-CoA to form 3-trans-decenoyl-CoA (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Trans,cis-lauro-2,6-dienoyl-CoA is converted to cis,cis-3,6- 4-cis-decenoyl-CoA by one cycle of beta-oxidation (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Ketone body metabolism (Homo sapiens)
    - Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Homo sapiens)
      - acetoacetic acid + NADH + H+ <=> beta-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+ (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Utilization of Ketone Bodies (Homo sapiens)
      - D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Homo sapiens)
  - Metabolism of cofactors (Homo sapiens)
    - Ubiquinol biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
      - COQ7:COQ9 octamer hydroxylates DMQ10H2 (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - Unknown dehydrogenase oxidizes 4-HBz (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Homo sapiens)
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Homo sapiens)
      - MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methylene-THF to 5,10-methenyl-THF (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Nicotinate metabolism (Homo sapiens)
      - NADK2 dimer phosphorylates NAD+ to NADP+ (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Neuronal System (Homo sapiens)

- Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Homo sapiens)
  - Neurotransmitter clearance (Homo sapiens)
    - Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft (Homo sapiens)
      - Metabolism of serotonin (Homo sapiens)
        
        5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Neurotransmitter release cycle (Homo sapiens)
    - GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Homo sapiens)
      - Degradation of GABA (Homo sapiens)
        
        ALDH5A1 dehydrogenates SUCCSA to SUCCA (Homo sapiens)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Organelle biogenesis and maintenance (Homo sapiens)

- Mitochondrial biogenesis (Homo sapiens)
  - Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis (Homo sapiens)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Homo sapiens)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Cellular responses to stimuli (Mus musculus)

- Cellular responses to stress (Mus musculus)
  - Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) (Mus musculus)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates Ac-K272,K290-FOXO3 (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Mus musculus)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Mus musculus)
  - Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Mus musculus)
    - IDH3 complex decarboxylates isocitrate (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Maturation of TCA enzymes and regulation of TCA cycle (Mus musculus)
      - SIRT3 deacetylates AcK-IDH2 dimer (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - NNT dimer transfers proton from NADPH to NAD+ (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG (Mus musculus)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Pyruvate metabolism (Mus musculus)
    - LDHAL6B reduces PYR to LACT (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - ME2 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PDH complex synthesizes acetyl-CoA from PYR (Mus musculus)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Mus musculus)
      - Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (Mus musculus)
        
        SIRT4 cleaves lipoyl from DLAT (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Respiratory electron transport (Mus musculus)
    - Complex I oxidises NADH to NAD+, reduces CoQ to CoQH2 (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Malate-aspartate shuttle (Mus musculus)
      - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Biological oxidations (Mus musculus)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Mus musculus)
    - Ethanol oxidation (Mus musculus)
      - ALDH1B1 tetramer oxidises CH3CHO to CH3COOH (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial] (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Mus musculus)
  - Branched-chain amino acid catabolism (Mus musculus)
  - Choline catabolism (Mus musculus)
    - ALDH7A1 oxidises BETALD to BET (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Mus musculus)
    - PYCR1 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ <=> glutamate + NAD(P)+ [GLUD1] (Mus musculus)
      - NAD(P)+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - glutamate + NAD(P)+ => alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ [GLUD1] (Mus musculus)
      - NAD(P)+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation (Mus musculus)
    - ALDH4A1 dimer dehydrogenates 4-OH-L-glutamate semialdehyde to 4-OH-L-glutamate (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Glycine degradation (Mus musculus)
      - DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Lysine catabolism (Mus musculus)
    - OADH complex synthesizes glutaryl-CoA from 2-OA (Mus musculus)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-aminoadipoate semialdehyde + NAD+ => alpha-aminoadipate + NADH + H+ (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - saccharopine + NAD+ + H2O => alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde + glutamate + NADH + H+ (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Proline catabolism (Mus musculus)
    - ALDH4A1 oxidises L-GluSS to Glu (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of lipids (Mus musculus)
  - Fatty acid metabolism (Mus musculus)
    - Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation (Mus musculus)
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids (Mus musculus)
        
        Beta oxidation of butanoyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA (Mus musculus)
        
        (S)-Hydroxybutanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>Acetoacetyl-CoA+NADH+H (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of decanoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA-CoA (Mus musculus)
        
        (S)-Hydroxydecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of hexanoyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA (Mus musculus)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of lauroyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA-CoA (Mus musculus)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA (Mus musculus)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of octanoyl-CoA to hexanoyl-CoA (Mus musculus)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to myristoyl-CoA (Mus musculus)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxopalmitoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (Mus musculus)
        
        Reduction of 2-trans-4-cis-decadienoyl-CoA to form 3-trans-decenoyl-CoA (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Ketone body metabolism (Mus musculus)
    - Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Mus musculus)
      - acetoacetic acid + NADH + H+ <=> beta-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+ (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Utilization of Ketone Bodies (Mus musculus)
      - D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Mus musculus)
  - Metabolism of cofactors (Mus musculus)
    - Ubiquinol biosynthesis (Mus musculus)
      - COQ7:COQ9 octamer hydroxylates DMQ10H2 (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Mus musculus)
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Mus musculus)
      - MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methylene-THF to 5,10-methenyl-THF (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Nicotinate metabolism (Mus musculus)
      - NADK2 dimer phosphorylates NAD+ to NADP+ (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Neuronal System (Mus musculus)

- Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Mus musculus)
  - Neurotransmitter clearance (Mus musculus)
    - Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft (Mus musculus)
      - Metabolism of serotonin (Mus musculus)
        
        5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Neurotransmitter release cycle (Mus musculus)
    - GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Mus musculus)
      - Degradation of GABA (Mus musculus)
        
        ALDH5A1 dehydrogenates SUCCSA to SUCCA (Mus musculus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Organelle biogenesis and maintenance (Mus musculus)

- Mitochondrial biogenesis (Mus musculus)
  - Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis (Mus musculus)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Mus musculus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Plasmodium falciparum)
  - Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Plasmodium falciparum)
    - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Plasmodium falciparum)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - NNT dimer transfers proton from NADPH to NAD+ (Plasmodium falciparum)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG (Plasmodium falciparum)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Plasmodium falciparum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Respiratory electron transport (Plasmodium falciparum)
    - Malate-aspartate shuttle (Plasmodium falciparum)
      - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Plasmodium falciparum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Plasmodium falciparum)
  - Branched-chain amino acid catabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
    - BCKDH synthesizes BCAA-CoA from KIC, KMVA, KIV (Plasmodium falciparum)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Plasmodium falciparum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
    - PYCR1 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Plasmodium falciparum)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Plasmodium falciparum)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation (Plasmodium falciparum)
    - Glycine degradation (Plasmodium falciparum)
      - DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate (Plasmodium falciparum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Plasmodium falciparum)
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Plasmodium falciparum)
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Plasmodium falciparum)
      - MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methylene-THF to 5,10-methenyl-THF (Plasmodium falciparum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Nicotinate metabolism (Plasmodium falciparum)
      - NADK2 dimer phosphorylates NAD+ to NADP+ (Plasmodium falciparum)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Cellular responses to stimuli (Rattus norvegicus)

- Cellular responses to stress (Rattus norvegicus)
  - Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) (Rattus norvegicus)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates Ac-K272,K290-FOXO3 (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Rattus norvegicus)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Rattus norvegicus)
  - Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Rattus norvegicus)
    - IDH3 complex decarboxylates isocitrate (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Maturation of TCA enzymes and regulation of TCA cycle (Rattus norvegicus)
      - SIRT3 deacetylates AcK-IDH2 dimer (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - NNT dimer transfers proton from NADPH to NAD+ (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG (Rattus norvegicus)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Pyruvate metabolism (Rattus norvegicus)
    - LDHAL6B reduces PYR to LACT (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - ME2 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PDH complex synthesizes acetyl-CoA from PYR (Rattus norvegicus)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Rattus norvegicus)
      - Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        SIRT4 cleaves lipoyl from DLAT (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Respiratory electron transport (Rattus norvegicus)
    - Complex I oxidises NADH to NAD+, reduces CoQ to CoQH2 (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Malate-aspartate shuttle (Rattus norvegicus)
      - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Biological oxidations (Rattus norvegicus)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Rattus norvegicus)
    - Ethanol oxidation (Rattus norvegicus)
      - ALDH1B1 tetramer oxidises CH3CHO to CH3COOH (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial] (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Rattus norvegicus)
  - Branched-chain amino acid catabolism (Rattus norvegicus)
  - Choline catabolism (Rattus norvegicus)
    - ALDH7A1 oxidises BETALD to BET (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Rattus norvegicus)
  - Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation (Rattus norvegicus)
    - ALDH4A1 dimer dehydrogenates 4-OH-L-glutamate semialdehyde to 4-OH-L-glutamate (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Glycine degradation (Rattus norvegicus)
      - DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Lysine catabolism (Rattus norvegicus)
    - OADH complex synthesizes glutaryl-CoA from 2-OA (Rattus norvegicus)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-aminoadipoate semialdehyde + NAD+ => alpha-aminoadipate + NADH + H+ (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - saccharopine + NAD+ + H2O => alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde + glutamate + NADH + H+ (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Proline catabolism (Rattus norvegicus)
    - ALDH4A1 oxidises L-GluSS to Glu (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of lipids (Rattus norvegicus)
  - Fatty acid metabolism (Rattus norvegicus)
    - Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation (Rattus norvegicus)
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        Beta oxidation of butanoyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        (S)-Hydroxybutanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>Acetoacetyl-CoA+NADH+H (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of decanoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA-CoA (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        (S)-Hydroxydecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of hexanoyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of lauroyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA-CoA (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of octanoyl-CoA to hexanoyl-CoA (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to myristoyl-CoA (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxopalmitoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        Reduction of 2-trans-4-cis-decadienoyl-CoA to form 3-trans-decenoyl-CoA (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Ketone body metabolism (Rattus norvegicus)
    - Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Rattus norvegicus)
      - acetoacetic acid + NADH + H+ <=> beta-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+ (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Utilization of Ketone Bodies (Rattus norvegicus)
      - D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Rattus norvegicus)
  - Metabolism of cofactors (Rattus norvegicus)
    - Ubiquinol biosynthesis (Rattus norvegicus)
      - COQ7:COQ9 octamer hydroxylates DMQ10H2 (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Rattus norvegicus)
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Rattus norvegicus)
      - MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methylene-THF to 5,10-methenyl-THF (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Nicotinate metabolism (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NADK2 dimer phosphorylates NAD+ to NADP+ (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Neuronal System (Rattus norvegicus)

- Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Rattus norvegicus)
  - Neurotransmitter clearance (Rattus norvegicus)
    - Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft (Rattus norvegicus)
      - Metabolism of serotonin (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Neurotransmitter release cycle (Rattus norvegicus)
    - GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Rattus norvegicus)
      - Degradation of GABA (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        ALDH5A1 dehydrogenates SUCCSA to SUCCA (Rattus norvegicus)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Organelle biogenesis and maintenance (Rattus norvegicus)

- Mitochondrial biogenesis (Rattus norvegicus)
  - Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis (Rattus norvegicus)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Rattus norvegicus)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
  - Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
    - IDH3 complex decarboxylates isocitrate (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Pyruvate metabolism (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
    - PDH complex synthesizes acetyl-CoA from PYR (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Respiratory electron transport (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
    - Malate-aspartate shuttle (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Biological oxidations (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
    - Ethanol oxidation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - ALDH1B1 tetramer oxidises CH3CHO to CH3COOH (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial] (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
    - PYCR1 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
    - Glycine degradation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Lysine catabolism (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
    - saccharopine + NAD+ + H2O => alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde + glutamate + NADH + H+ (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
  - Metabolism of cofactors (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
    - Ubiquinol biosynthesis (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - COQ7:COQ9 octamer hydroxylates DMQ10H2 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methylene-THF to 5,10-methenyl-THF (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Neuronal System (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

- Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
  - Neurotransmitter clearance (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
    - Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - Metabolism of serotonin (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
        
        5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Neurotransmitter release cycle (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
    - GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - Degradation of GABA (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
        
        ALDH5A1 dehydrogenates SUCCSA to SUCCA (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Organelle biogenesis and maintenance (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

- Mitochondrial biogenesis (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
  - Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
  - Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
    - IDH3 complex decarboxylates isocitrate (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Pyruvate metabolism (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
    - PDH complex synthesizes acetyl-CoA from PYR (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Respiratory electron transport (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
    - Malate-aspartate shuttle (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Biological oxidations (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
    - Ethanol oxidation (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - ALDH1B1 tetramer oxidises CH3CHO to CH3COOH (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial] (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
    - PYCR1 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
    - Glycine degradation (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Lysine catabolism (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
    - saccharopine + NAD+ + H2O => alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde + glutamate + NADH + H+ (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of lipids (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
  - Ketone body metabolism (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
    - Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - acetoacetic acid + NADH + H+ <=> beta-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+ (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Utilization of Ketone Bodies (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
  - Metabolism of cofactors (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
    - Ubiquinol biosynthesis (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - COQ7:COQ9 octamer hydroxylates DMQ10H2 (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methylene-THF to 5,10-methenyl-THF (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Neuronal System (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)

- Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
  - Neurotransmitter clearance (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
    - Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - Metabolism of serotonin (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
        
        5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Neurotransmitter release cycle (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
    - GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - Degradation of GABA (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
        
        ALDH5A1 dehydrogenates SUCCSA to SUCCA (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Organelle biogenesis and maintenance (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)

- Mitochondrial biogenesis (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
  - Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Cellular responses to stimuli (Sus scrofa)

- Cellular responses to stress (Sus scrofa)
  - Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) (Sus scrofa)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates Ac-K272,K290-FOXO3 (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Sus scrofa)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Sus scrofa)
  - Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Sus scrofa)
    - IDH3 complex decarboxylates isocitrate (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Maturation of TCA enzymes and regulation of TCA cycle (Sus scrofa)
      - SIRT3 deacetylates AcK-IDH2 dimer (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG (Sus scrofa)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Pyruvate metabolism (Sus scrofa)
    - ME2 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PDH complex synthesizes acetyl-CoA from PYR (Sus scrofa)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Sus scrofa)
      - Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (Sus scrofa)
        
        SIRT4 cleaves lipoyl from DLAT (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Respiratory electron transport (Sus scrofa)
    - Complex I oxidises NADH to NAD+, reduces CoQ to CoQH2 (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Malate-aspartate shuttle (Sus scrofa)
      - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Biological oxidations (Sus scrofa)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Sus scrofa)
    - Ethanol oxidation (Sus scrofa)
      - ALDH1B1 tetramer oxidises CH3CHO to CH3COOH (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial] (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Sus scrofa)
  - Branched-chain amino acid catabolism (Sus scrofa)
  - Choline catabolism (Sus scrofa)
    - ALDH7A1 oxidises BETALD to BET (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Sus scrofa)
    - PYCR1 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PYCR2 decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ <=> glutamate + NAD(P)+ [GLUD1] (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD(P)+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - glutamate + NAD(P)+ => alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ [GLUD1] (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD(P)+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation (Sus scrofa)
    - ALDH4A1 dimer dehydrogenates 4-OH-L-glutamate semialdehyde to 4-OH-L-glutamate (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Glycine degradation (Sus scrofa)
      - DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Lysine catabolism (Sus scrofa)
    - OADH complex synthesizes glutaryl-CoA from 2-OA (Sus scrofa)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-aminoadipoate semialdehyde + NAD+ => alpha-aminoadipate + NADH + H+ (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - saccharopine + NAD+ + H2O => alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde + glutamate + NADH + H+ (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Proline catabolism (Sus scrofa)
    - ALDH4A1 oxidises L-GluSS to Glu (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of lipids (Sus scrofa)
  - Fatty acid metabolism (Sus scrofa)
    - Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation (Sus scrofa)
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids (Sus scrofa)
        
        Beta oxidation of butanoyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA (Sus scrofa)
        
        (S)-Hydroxybutanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>Acetoacetyl-CoA+NADH+H (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of decanoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA-CoA (Sus scrofa)
        
        (S)-Hydroxydecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of hexanoyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA (Sus scrofa)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of lauroyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA-CoA (Sus scrofa)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA (Sus scrofa)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of octanoyl-CoA to hexanoyl-CoA (Sus scrofa)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to myristoyl-CoA (Sus scrofa)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxopalmitoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (Sus scrofa)
        
        Reduction of 2-trans-4-cis-decadienoyl-CoA to form 3-trans-decenoyl-CoA (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Ketone body metabolism (Sus scrofa)
    - Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Sus scrofa)
      - acetoacetic acid + NADH + H+ <=> beta-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+ (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Utilization of Ketone Bodies (Sus scrofa)
      - D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Sus scrofa)
  - Metabolism of cofactors (Sus scrofa)
    - Ubiquinol biosynthesis (Sus scrofa)
      - COQ7:COQ9 octamer hydroxylates DMQ10H2 (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Sus scrofa)
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Sus scrofa)
      - MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methylene-THF to 5,10-methenyl-THF (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Nicotinate metabolism (Sus scrofa)
      - NADK2 dimer phosphorylates NAD+ to NADP+ (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Neuronal System (Sus scrofa)

- Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Sus scrofa)
  - Neurotransmitter clearance (Sus scrofa)
    - Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft (Sus scrofa)
      - Metabolism of serotonin (Sus scrofa)
        
        5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Neurotransmitter release cycle (Sus scrofa)
    - GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Sus scrofa)
      - Degradation of GABA (Sus scrofa)
        
        ALDH5A1 dehydrogenates SUCCSA to SUCCA (Sus scrofa)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Organelle biogenesis and maintenance (Sus scrofa)

- Mitochondrial biogenesis (Sus scrofa)
  - Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis (Sus scrofa)
    - SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Sus scrofa)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Metabolism (Xenopus tropicalis)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Xenopus tropicalis)
  - Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - NNT dimer transfers proton from NADPH to NAD+ (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - OGDH complex synthesizes succinyl-CoA from 2-OG (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Pyruvate metabolism (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - LDHAL6B reduces PYR to LACT (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - ME2 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - PDH complex synthesizes acetyl-CoA from PYR (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Regulation of pyruvate metabolism (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        SIRT4 cleaves lipoyl from DLAT (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Respiratory electron transport (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - Complex I oxidises NADH to NAD+, reduces CoQ to CoQH2 (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Malate-aspartate shuttle (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - MDH2 dimer dehydrogenates MAL (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Biological oxidations (Xenopus tropicalis)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - Ethanol oxidation (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - ALDH1B1 tetramer oxidises CH3CHO to CH3COOH (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial] (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Xenopus tropicalis)
  - Branched-chain amino acid catabolism (Xenopus tropicalis)
  - Choline catabolism (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - ALDH7A1 oxidises BETALD to BET (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Xenopus tropicalis)
  - Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - ALDH4A1 dimer dehydrogenates 4-OH-L-glutamate semialdehyde to 4-OH-L-glutamate (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Glycine degradation (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - DLD dimer:2xFAD oxidises GCSH:DHLL to GCSH:lipoate (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Lysine catabolism (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - OADH complex synthesizes glutaryl-CoA from 2-OA (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - DLD dimer dehydrogenates dihydrolipoyl (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - alpha-aminoadipoate semialdehyde + NAD+ => alpha-aminoadipate + NADH + H+ (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - saccharopine + NAD+ + H2O => alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde + glutamate + NADH + H+ (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Proline catabolism (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - ALDH4A1 oxidises L-GluSS to Glu (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of lipids (Xenopus tropicalis)
  - Fatty acid metabolism (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        Beta oxidation of butanoyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        (S)-Hydroxybutanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>Acetoacetyl-CoA+NADH+H (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of decanoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA-CoA (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        (S)-Hydroxydecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of hexanoyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of lauroyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA-CoA (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of octanoyl-CoA to hexanoyl-CoA (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        (S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
        
        Beta oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to myristoyl-CoA (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxopalmitoyl-CoA+NADH+H (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
      - mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        Reduction of 2-trans-4-cis-decadienoyl-CoA to form 3-trans-decenoyl-CoA (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Ketone body metabolism (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - acetoacetic acid + NADH + H+ <=> beta-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+ (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Utilization of Ketone Bodies (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Xenopus tropicalis)
  - Metabolism of cofactors (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - Ubiquinol biosynthesis (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - COQ7:COQ9 octamer hydroxylates DMQ10H2 (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - MTHFD2, D2L oxidise 5,10-methylene-THF to 5,10-methenyl-THF (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
    - Nicotinate metabolism (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - NADK2 dimer phosphorylates NAD+ to NADP+ (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Neuronal System (Xenopus tropicalis)

- Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Xenopus tropicalis)
  - Neurotransmitter clearance (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - Metabolism of serotonin (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]
  - Neurotransmitter release cycle (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - Degradation of GABA (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        ALDH5A1 dehydrogenates SUCCSA to SUCCA (Xenopus tropicalis)
        
        NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

Organelle biogenesis and maintenance (Xenopus tropicalis)

- Mitochondrial biogenesis (Xenopus tropicalis)
  - Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis (Xenopus tropicalis)
    - SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Xenopus tropicalis)
      - NAD+ [mitochondrial matrix]

External Reference Information

External Reference

NAD(1-) [ChEBI:57540]

Participates

as an input of

pyruvate + CoASH + NAD+ => acetylCoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)
isocitrate + NAD+ => 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) + CO2 + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)
2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) + CoASH + NAD+ => succinylCoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)
malate + NAD+ <=> oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)
SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Gallus gallus)
SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Sus scrofa)
SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Bos taurus)
SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Canis familiaris)
SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Rattus norvegicus)
SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Mus musculus)
SIRT3 deacetylates ACCS2, GLUD, IDH2, SOD2 (Homo sapiens)
SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Drosophila melanogaster)
SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Gallus gallus)
SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Xenopus tropicalis)
SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Danio rerio)
SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Sus scrofa)
SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Bos taurus)
SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Canis familiaris)
SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Rattus norvegicus)
SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Mus musculus)
SIRT4 transfers ADPRib to GLUD (Homo sapiens)
D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Homo sapiens)
D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Gallus gallus)
D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Xenopus tropicalis)
D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Danio rerio)
D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Sus scrofa)
D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Bos taurus)
D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Canis familiaris)
D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Rattus norvegicus)
D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+ (Mus musculus)
5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Saccharomyces cerevi